1. 1 Geographic Constraints on Amphibious Operation, Drinking Water in the Invasion of Cuba by U.S. Forces CPT Terrence G. Harrington GEO 342

2. 2 To provide an overview of constraints faced by U.S. Forces during Invasion of Cuba. Purpose

3. 3 References http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/225/15-21.htm http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/18_people.html www.globalsecurity.org http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wcgorgas.htm

4. 4 Outline Historical Background –Leadership –Units Geography –Daiquiri –Santa De Ago Cuba Drinking Water/Sanitation Summary

5. 5 Historical Background First Lieutenant Albertus W. Catlin - (1868 - 1933) American Leadership Captain Charles D. Sigsbee - (1845 - 1923) Major General William Shafter - (1835 - 1906) Colonel Leonard Wood - (1860 - 1927)

6. 6 Historical Background General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau - (1838 – 1930) Spanish Leadership General Ramon Blanco y Eranas - (1833 - 1906) Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasaron - (1839 - 1917)

7. 7 Historical Background Other Influential Personnel Walter Reed - (1851 - 1902) Obscure professor and bacteriological researcher, he became an international hero for tracing the deadly yellow fever to its insect vector. Major William C. Gorgas Chief sanitary officer for the city of Havana, applied t the generally accepted methods of disease control.

8. 8 Historical Background 1898 1 January-The Cuban autonomous government assumed its duties. The war continued. 25 January-The cruiser U.S.S. Maine sailed into Havana harbor. 15 February- The U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana harbor.

9. 9 Historical Background 21 April- Spain expelled the United States' ambassador and recalled its diplomats from Washington. 23 April- U.S. declared war on Spain. Spanish naval high command met in Madrid and issued a report declaring that neither its ships nor materiel could match that of the U.S. The fleet's commander to Cuba, Admiral Pascual Cervera, predicted its destruction. 1 May- The U.S. fleet under Admiral Dewey destroyed Spain's Pacific fleet at Cavite, in the Philippines.

10. 10 Historical Background 19 May- Spanish fleet entered the harbor at Santiago de Cuba despite the tight U.S. blockade and numerical superiority. 20 June- U.S. expeditionary forces landed at Daiquiri and Siboney, in Oriente province.

11. 11 Historical Background June 24- Battle of Las Guasimas. July 1- Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill. July 3 - Spanish fleet attempts to escape from Santiago, all ships destroyed at the naval Battle of Santiago. July 4 - Six Spanish prisoners killed aboard Auxiliary Cruiser HARVARD. The event becomes known as the "Harvard Incident."

12. 12 Historical Background July 6 - Hobson and his crew exchanged. July 8 - Spanish squadron heading for the Philippines is forced to turn around to protect the Spanish coastline. July 10 - Santiago bombarded by the U.S. Navy. July 17 - Spanish Santiago garrison surrenders.

13. 13 Geography

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15. 15 Historical Background

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18. 18 Geography

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20. 20 Drinking Water/Sanitation

21. 21 Drinking Water/Sanitation Problems General Leonard Wood had to overcome: Dead animals lay scattered about Constant funeral processions day & night Mass cremations Citizen to weak to move & surviving on rotten fruit

22. 22 Drinking Water/Sanitation Volunteer soldiers, officers, and physicians marched to the recruit camps, where they began to get sick and die by the thousands. Initial diagnosis was unclear: typhoid, typho-malaria fever, and typhus were all considered.

23. 23 Drinking Water/Sanitation Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg appointed a board of officers, led by Maj. Walter Reed, to examine the problem. Yellow fever was also a significant problem for U.S. troops in Cuba. With an unvaccinated fighting force of 108,000 there were 20,738 cases of typhoid, and 1,580 deaths.

24. 24 Drinking Water/Sanitation Plan of action: –Organized regular sanitary department –Confiscated equipment & food from Spanish –Encouraged citizen participation

25. 25 Drinking Water/Sanitation Plan of action: Created plan to transform Santiago: –Create extensive thoroughfares in the city. –Build modern sewage & water system –Dredge harbor –Construct a dam several miles above the city –Reorganize local government –Establish modern public school system

26. 26 Summary Historical Background –Leadership –Units Geography –Daiquiri –Santa De Ago Cuba Base Camp –Drinking Water –Sanitation Summary

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