1. 1 The Spread of the Sapphire/Slammer Worm D. Moore, V. Paxson, S. Savage, C. Shannon, S. Staniford, N. Weaver Presented by Stefan Birrer

2. 2 Sapphire Worm ● Fastest computer worm in history ● Doubled size every 8.5 seconds ● 90% of vulnerable hosts within 10 minutes ● aka Slammer ● January 25 2003 ● Microsoft's SQL Server – Flaw was discovered in July 2002 – Patch was releasaed before it was announced ● 75000 hosts

3. 3 Why? ● Patch was released half a year before outbreak ● Service is generally not publicly used (port 1434) ● If users were not so ignorant, this worm had never existed – Firewalls were known before – Also their benefit – Vulnerability was known – All effected systems did not apply patch

4. 4 Saphire: A Random Scanning Worm ● Exponential rapidly ● Random constant spread (RCS) modle ● Spread initially conformed to the RCS, before it began to saturate ● Bandwith-limited (only one way communication) – Send and never care – latency limited ● Send and wait for response (RTT) ● 30,000 scans/second

5. 5 Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) ● X' = (X * a + b) mod m – Very efficient – Reasonable good distributional properties ● Implementation flaws – One worm didn't scan the full network – However, all worms together still reached the full network

6. 6 Spread and Operator Response ● 55 million scans per second across the Internet in under 3 minutes ● Destination port was fix (UDP port 1434) – Not widely used – Easy to block ● Constant scan rate – Easy to identify

7. 7 Conclusions ● Speed is not dependent on protocol ● Smaller population as a target and therefor thread – 20,000 nodes in under one hour ● What would happen if it stopped scanning after 10 minutes? – Hard to identify attack – Hard to identify infected machines ● World got aware of the thread (at least for some time) – One could think it was a lesson, but history proves us wrong (How many email worms do you get per day?)

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