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2. OTHER BLOOD GROUPS DR MOHAMMED H SAIEM ALDAHR Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences MED TECH DEP. 3 RD YEAR MT

3. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS Terminology  A blood group system is a group of Ags produced by alleles at a single locus or at loci so closely linked that crossing over not occur or is very rare.  They are (blood group genes) located on the autosomal chromosomes and are inherited in straight forward mendeline fashion  Most blood group alleles are co-dominant and express a corresponding Ag.  Silent or amorphic alleles that produce no Ag are rare. When paired chromosomes carry the same silent allele, a null phenotype results.

4. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS  MNSs Blood Group System MNSs: Ab are usually a mixture of IgM and IgG Usually give dosage effect (variability of reactivity)  Dosage effect usually strong reaction with red cells from homozygous (MM) individuals and weak with red cells that are heterozygous (MN)  Anti-M does not cause transfusion reaction because of its low thermal range  Anti-N is naturally occurring IgM cold agglutinin range.  It does not cause transfusion reaction or HDN.

5. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS Anti-S : Can be IgM or IgG Anti-s: IgG Anti-S and Anti-s can cause hemolytic transfusion reaction and HDN

6. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS P Blood Group System (Labile with storage)  The genes code for transferases that attach a specific sugar to glycolipids on red blood cell membrane.  The Ags formed are P 1, P k, and P  Red cells that have no P 1, P k, and P Ags are termed p.  The serum of these individuals usually contains an Ab that reacts with the P 1, P k, and P Ag.  This Ab is called anti-Tj a.

7. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS P Antibodies  Anti-P1  Naturally occurring IgM, allo-antibody frequently found in the serum of P2 individuals  Ab can be enhanced by enzyme treated cells  Can be clinically significant if it has a thermal range above 30 o C.

8. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS Anti-P Can occur as allo or auto-antibody Allo-Ab is IgM, naturally occurring Ab with high thermal range Found in the serum of Pk and p individuals. Auto-Ab is an IgG biphasic Ab associated with Paroxysmal cold hemoglbinuria (P.C.H).

9. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS Anti-Tj a Is a combination of anti-P and P 1 anti-P k produced by p individuals. It can be IgM or IgG and can cause transfusion reaction and HDN

10. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS  The I Blood Group System The I and i antigens are found on nearly all red cells. The I Ag is present in large amount on the red cells of adults, but only small quantities on red cells of newborns  Ii Antibodies  Are IgM, naturally occurring auto-agglutinins with low thermal range.  They are not clinically significant unless they react above 30 o C.

11. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS The I Blood Group System  An increase in the titer of anti-I is frequently found in patients with Mycoplasma pneumonae infections.  Anti-I is rarely found in healthy individuals, but can form secondary to viral infection such as infectious mononucleosis.  It is usually not clinically significant but can cause hemolysis if it has a thermal range.

12. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS  DUFFY System Ag are far less common in blacks Can be neutralized by enzymes such as (ficin, papain, bromelin). Phenotype Frequency (Blacks) Phenotype Frequency (Blacks) Fy (a+b-) 9% Fy (a+b+) 1% Fy (a-b+) 22% Fy (a-b-) 68%

13. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS KIDD System Can be implicated in HDN and Warm AIHA 50% of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction are due to Kidd Abs Phenotype Jk (a+b-) Jk (a+b+) Jk (a- b+) Jk (a- b-)

14. drmsaiem OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS LUTHERAN System Can be both IgG and IgM Anti-Lu b tends to be more clinically significant. Phenotype Lu (a+b-) Lu (a- b+) Lu (a- b+)

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