1. June 2005 SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO 1 Mark Downing, Norbert Hubin, Markus Kasper, Javier Reyes, Manfred Meyer, Dietrich Baade European Southern Observatory ESO (http://www.eso.org) Paul Jorden, Peter Pool, Sandy Denney, Wolfgang Suske, Kevin Hadfield, David Burt, Pat Wheeler e2v technologies ltd (http://e2vtechnologies.com) Philippe Feautrier, Eric Stadler, David Mouillet. Domaine Universitaire LOAG (http://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/JRA2) Jean-Luc GACH, Philippe Balard, Christian Guillaume, Olivier Boissin. Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille LAM (http://www.lam.oamp.fr) José Javier Diaz. IAC, Institute of Astrophysics Canary Islands (http://www.iac.es) Thierry Fusco. ONERA (http://www.onera.fr) Detector Workshop June 2005 http://www.eso.orghttp://e2vtechnologies.comhttp://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/JRA2http://www.lam.oamp.frhttp://www.iac.eshttp://www.onera.frhttp://www.eso.orghttp://e2vtechnologies.comhttp://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/JRA2http://www.lam.oamp.frhttp://www.iac.eshttp://www.onera.fr A Dedicated e2v-L3Vision CCD for Adaptive Optics Applications

2. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO2 The Need Residuals after differential PSF subtraction  PF will detect faint planets close to very bright stars  with luminosity ratios > 10 5.  Achieved by performing ultra accurate differential measurements  requiring excellent image quality + stability from its AO system.  The WFS Detector is the critical component of this AO system  its performance is paramount not only to the success of PF but most 2 nd generation VLT instruments (e.g. MUSE, HAWK-I) most 2 nd generation VLT instruments (e.g. MUSE, HAWK-I) and future large telescopes such as OWL & TMT. and future large telescopes such as OWL & TMT. VLT Planet Finder Coronographic image VLT/NACO

3. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO3 Funding (Catalyst) ESO – for next generation of instruments OPTICON - European Infrastructure program Deliver report and devices on a 2-3 year timescale, our profile is:  low risk.  Need guaranteed delivery of devices that meet requirements. JRA2:Fast detectors for AO applications: Philippe Feautrier Poster: Zero noise wavefront sensors development within the Opticon european network Currently available technologies → split frame transfer CCD

4. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO4 1. 6x6 pixels/sub-aperture x 40x40 subapertures  240x240 pixels. 2. Versatility: 100% fill factor / 240x240 square grid array of pixels  Can be used with any type of WFS system; SH, curvature, or pyramid. 3. > 1 kHz frame rate to match the increased spatial sampling. 4.High QE, low RON and dark current (< 1e-/pixel/frame). Requirements 40x40 SH-WFS (mag~10, RON=1e-) 240x240 pixels Next Generation Systems Sub-apertures each 6x6 pixels Present Systems 8x8 SH-WFS

5. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO5 MAD-WFS CCD 80x80 pixels 4outputs 500Hz frame rate RON: 8-6 e/pixel QE: 70-80% Road Map of WFS Detectors e2v-CCD-39 NAOS-WFS CCD 128x128 pixels 2x8 outputs 25-600 Hz frame rate RON: 2.5-6.5 e/pixel QE: 80% 8 outputs e2v-CCD-50 Store Area Image Area 240x120 24□µm Store Area Image Area 240x120 24□µm Gain Registers 4 Outputs Gain Registers e2v-CCD-220 Future-WFS CCD-220 240x240 pixels 8 L3 outputs 0.25-1.2 kHz frame rate RON: < 1(0.1)e/pixel QE: 90% MAD: Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator Poster: We must be MAD: Pushing FIERA to its limits - Roland Reiss Andrea Balestra, Claudio Cumani, Christoph Geimer, Javier Reyes, Enrico Marchetti

6. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO6 Optimisation of Shack-Hartman-based wavefront sensor for XAO system T. Fusco, R. Conan, G. Rousset, M. Nicolle, C. Petit, D. Mouillet, A. Blanc, J.-F. Sauvage, J.-L. Beuzit. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5490, 1155 (2004). Low RON vs High Red QE  Compare CCDs with low RON < 1e to CCDs with better red QE but higher RON.  Guided by simulations by Thierry Fusco for VLT PF  Asked to investigate two detectors: CCD1 (L3Vision CCD) CCD1 (L3Vision CCD)  Good blue QE over 450-700nm  RON = 0 & 1e-, but  2 multiplication gain noise. CCD2 (conventional but thick 450 µm fully depleted CCD) CCD2 (conventional but thick 450 µm fully depleted CCD)  High QE over 450-1000nm.  RON ~ 2, 3 & 5e-  For QE alone, limit. mag. of CCD2 is better by:  O.1 for yellow GS.  O.5 for red GS. Dichroic λ QE CCD1 CCD2 ∆m

7. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO7 CCD1- L3CCD Wins  However, need to look at total picture – QE and RON.  Lower RON (~ 0.1e-) better than higher red QE even for red GS.  Reason e2v-L3Vision chosen. MPE CCD L3CCD Strehl ratio GS Magnitude. Strehl ratio GS Magnitude.

8. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO8 Store Area Image Area 240x120 24□µm Store Area Image Area 240x120 24□µm OP 1 OP 2 Gain Registers OP 3 OP 4 Gain Registers OP 8 Gain Registers OP 7 OP 6 Gain Registers OP 5 The Design Metal Buttressed 2Φ 10 Mhz Clocks for fast image to store transfer rates. 8 L3Vision Gain Registers/Outputs. Each 15Mpix./s. Store slanted to allow room for multiple outputs. Split frame transfer 8-output back-illuminated e2v L3Vision CCD.

9. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO9 Improve Red QE  Good red QE important for red natural GS; especially for PF.  Plan to have split wafer run in std Si and deep depletion.  First time L3Vision produced in deep depletion Silicon. e2v Deep Depletion QE λ Std L3Vision

10. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO10 Rayleigh LG Systems:  work by Rayleigh back-scatter of laser light from water molecules.  Advantage - e nables use of pulsed lasers:  Commercially available.  Powerful.  Cheap - more photons per Euro.  Requires:  Exposure times of ~ 6.6 µs (2km x 3.3 µs/km)  Fast shutter open/close times of ~ µs  High extinction ratios (open/close sensitivity) > 10 4 to block large back-scatter (  Height -2 ) at low altitudes.  Solution → Electronic Shuttered CCD.  Additional design study to deliver 2 devices  Bonus no smearing → transfer image when shutter closed. Add an Electronic Shutter 20 km altitude 2 km Rayleigh Back-scatter PulsedLaser

11. June 2005 SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO 11 Some Design Trade-offs

12. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO12 PSF vs Dark Current/QE  Charge spread  thickness (z) and Image Area voltage, (V IA )  Even worse as depletion depth  V IA  Improve PSF by  Thinning device (z)  Get rid of undepleted region  Undesirable as lowers red QE  Increasing image area clock voltage  Run non-inverted, but 100 times the dark current. Pixel Boundary 0V V IA photon Z V IA Charge Spread   z 2kT/q V IA         0.5 Depletion depth  V ImageArea V ImageArea n buried channel p+p+ Light Input Undepleted p-substrate Depleted

13. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO13 Package Tradeoffs Will use compact Peltier cooled package.  Able to fit in small space reserved for AO system.  Minimal support equipment – no LN2, no cryocoolers, no mechanical moving parts. There are conflicting requirements between:  Compactness solved by Peltier package.  Low temperature for low dark current. Reduce load on cooling by:  Reducing pin count (thermal conductivity): Eliminate all but essential features – e.g. no SW. Eliminate all but essential features – e.g. no SW. Parallel up as many clocks and biases as possible; except Vod & Vrd kept separate to reduce cross-talk. Parallel up as many clocks and biases as possible; except Vod & Vrd kept separate to reduce cross-talk.  Reducing on-chip power dissipation: Make clocks edges as slow as possible. Make clocks edges as slow as possible. Bonus from metal buttressing. Bonus from metal buttressing. Increase available cooling by:  Designing custom Peltier.

14. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO14  Observatoire de Marseille are building the test controller:  Loan to e2v for testing.  Very challenging – go along and talk to Jean-Luc Gach.  ESO developing NGC (New General Controller) for deployment on VLT.  Test Plan:  E2v Measure normal parameters → noise, gain, cosmetics, dark current, smearing, and CTE. Measure normal parameters → noise, gain, cosmetics, dark current, smearing, and CTE.  IAC (Canary Islands) and ESO Do full acceptance tests. Do full acceptance tests. Plus measure more exotic parameters → crosstalk, PRNU, fringing, and PSF. Plus measure more exotic parameters → crosstalk, PRNU, fringing, and PSF. Controller and Test Plan Poster: A dedicated controller for Adaptive Optics L3CCD developments. Jean-Luc Gach, Philippe Balard, Olivier Boissin, C. Guillaume. Poster: NGC Front-end for CCDs and AO applications. Javier Reyes, Mark Downing, Manfred Meyer, Leander Mehrgan, Ralf Conzelmann. Poster: Software for the New General detector Controller. Claudio Cumani, Andrea Balestra, Joerg Stegmeier. Oral: NGC Detector Array Controller Based on High Speed Serial. Manfred Meyer, Dietrich Baade, Gert Finger, Leander Mehrgan, Javier Reyes, Joerg Stegmaier.

15. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO15 Challenges  The challenges are the number of technology “cutting edge” features:  L3Vision for AO WFS –very promising but not yet fully evaluated.  Optimized Peltier cooled package for compactness.  The technology firsts with L3Vision: L3Vision with multiple outputs to reduce clocking rate of individual output nodes. L3Vision with multiple outputs to reduce clocking rate of individual output nodes. Metal buttressing to reduce frame transfer smear. Metal buttressing to reduce frame transfer smear. Deep depletion for better red response. Deep depletion for better red response. Electronic shutter to enable Rayleigh LG systems. Electronic shutter to enable Rayleigh LG systems.  The baseline development is low risk.  e2v, OPTICON, and ESO have formed a very good partnership.  Confident to meet schedule:  Contract signed last April after many months of constructive negotiations.  Critical Design Review – Aug 2005.  Science devices will be available – Q1 2007.

16. June 2005 SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO 16 END Many Thanks for Listening

17. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO17 Cosmetics  Essentially defect free – the cleaner the better  Every defect complicates the centroiding and potentially knocks out an aperture. RequirementMinimumGoal Black pixels (<50% sensitivity at flat of 5000 e-) ≤ 10 0 Hot pixels (> 400 e-/pixel/s) ≤ 5 0 Traps with capacity ≥ 5e - ≤ 10 0 Columns with > 5 bad pixel 00

18. June 2005SDW2005 - Dedicated L3CCD for AO18 Electronic Shutter Pixel Cross Section V SD V V IA n buried channel High-resistivity p-substrate p+p+ CCD Gate Light Input Electronic Shutter ++ nn Add Inter-column drain/gate Add p buried layer Hi-Res for depletion to extend beyond p layer Added advantage no smearing  transfer charge with shutter closed.