1. NLP Pragmatics1 Pragmatics How do we use language to communicate? Dave Inman

2. NLP Pragmatics2 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Goals and plans 3. Example of a "primitive plot" plan 4. Frames and scripts 5. A "dog" frame 6. A "restaurant script" 7. Presuppositions 8. Rules of discourse 9. Why don't these work?

3. NLP Pragmatics3 1.Introduction This talk looks at what knowledge we use in everyday discourse, and how we might use this to help a computer understand natural language. The kinds of knowledge we will consider here are: Goals and plans Frames and scripts Presuppositions Rules of discourse Grice's maxims

4. NLP Pragmatics4 1.Introduction - Goals and plans e.g. Email dialogue analysis If we know what the goal of communication is, or the plan of the communicator, we should be able to limit the range of possible interpretations. If an email requests a meeting, the reply should accept, change or deny the request, for example.

5. NLP Pragmatics5 1.Introduction - Frames and scripts e.g. Shank's restaurant script If we can describe the use of language in terms of frames (like an object description) or scripts (like a film script) then we may be able to match the natural language against one of these objects, and gain a lot of default expectations

6. NLP Pragmatics6 1.Introduction - Presuppositions "Have you stopped beating your dog." Language often points to the unstated commonly understood information. We may be able to use inference to find out what this information is.

7. NLP Pragmatics7 1.Introduction - Rules of discourse Grice's maxims Here we can gain information by knowing that unless there are "funny circumstances" we tend to use language in predetermined ways. For example unless we want to deceive we tell the truth. Such rules should allow us to gain insights if the rules are followed, or to determine what the funny circumstance might be if the rules are not followed. Why do you think this is?

8. NLP Pragmatics8 2. Goals and plans If we discover the goal of a speaker for example, it should make interpretation of their uttererances easier.  "How much is a train ticket on the 3pm to Bristol?"  "Nothing" would be inappropriate response if no 3pm train  "The next train leaves at 3:30 and costs £30" if plan of speaker is known Once a plan is known we can fill in the gaps with defaults even if we have no information We need "plan templates" for "primitive plots"

9. NLP Pragmatics9 3. Goals and plans : primitive plots Problems : You get fired and need a job Your cheque bounces and you need to find money You dog dies and you need companionship Success : You ask for a raise and get it You fix a flat tyre You need a car so you steal one Failure Your marriage proposal is declined You can't find you wallet You can't get a bank loan Loss / Perseverance / Hidden blessing / Mixed blessing etc

10. NLP Pragmatics10 4. Goals and plans :Frames and scripts Frames and scripts act as templates of expectation.Work by Schank and others They have slots and values Slots can be Compulsory Optional Default Procedures Frames are used for concepts Scripts are used for sequences of actions / frames

11. NLP Pragmatics11 5. A "dog" frame Make a conversation Frame SlotValueNotes ISAanimalcompulsory HAS4 legsdefault TYPEPoodle / Labrador /…optional SIZElarge / small /…optional SITUATIONSpark/house/shop/…optional Nearest VetAddressprocedure with input dog’s address

12. NLP Pragmatics12 6. A "restaurant script" Write an exam script Namerestaurant Propstables, chairs, food, bill, money, tip waiter, waitress, customer, cook, cashier, owner Requisitescustomer hungry, customer has money Resultscustomer has less money owner has more money customer not hungry

13. NLP Pragmatics13 Goals and plans Scene 1: Entering Customer enters restaurant Customer looks for table Customer decides where to sit Customer sits down Scene 2: Ordering Scene 3: Eating Scene 4: Leaving Fill in the sections above. Compare your results to your neighbours. What problems do you have here?

14. NLP Pragmatics14 7. Presuppositions "Have you seen John's car?" - we should infer that John has a car "Was it John who stole the money?" - we want to infer that money was stolen, NOT John stole it - acceptable reply is "No it was Bill" - unacceptable reply is "No it was the car"

15. NLP Pragmatics15 Rules of discourse – Grice’s Maxims Be brief Be honest Be relevant Be clear

16. NLP Pragmatics16 Rules of discourse – Grice’s Maxims Be brief Give as much info as needed, but not more "Who is the President of the USA?" "Clinton" - OK "A guy who has a wife, 2 daughters, 3...called Clinton" - Too much

17. NLP Pragmatics17 Rules of discourse – Grice’s Maxims Be honest Unless we have a goal of humour, escape conviction etc If you were a criminal would you lie to: "Do you take sugar in your coffee?" - to a partner "What is your annual income?" to the police

18. NLP Pragmatics18 Rules of discourse – Grice’s Maxims Be relevant "Can you pass the salt?" is not a relevant question in most situations, so it must be a request

19. NLP Pragmatics19 Rules of discourse – Grice’s Maxims Be clear unless you have reasons / objectives not to be such as a politician, answering a student's question about exam questions

20. NLP Pragmatics20 9. Why don't these work? Goals and plans Frames and scripts Presuppositions Rules of discourse Write down 1 reason why each of these may not work. Compare with your neighbour.

21. NLP Pragmatics21 9. Why don't these work? Goals and plans How many plots do you need? How do adapt one plot to make a similar but slightly different one? How do you match an utterance against a plot?

22. NLP Pragmatics22 9. Why don't these work? Frames and scripts How do you acquire a new script for a novel situation (a) Create a new one - maybe we have too many (b) Update an existing one - which one? How do we add new knowledge to an existing script e.g. being short changed to a restaurant script - which other scripts do we need to update? shop /garage / cinema /theatre what else? How do you match an utterance against a frame / script?

23. NLP Pragmatics23 9. Why don't these work? Presuppositions How do you deal with: "How many students does Audrey teach?" If she is on sabbatical leave we cannot presuppose she teaches students. - acceptable reply is "She does not teach now" - unacceptable reply is "None" : this is accurate but breaks rules of being relevant

24. NLP Pragmatics24 9. Why don't these work? Rules of discourse How do we decide what is "normal" and what is a "funny circumstance" ? How many "funny circumstances" are there? If we have enough "funny circumstances" what value are these guidelines?

25. NLP Pragmatics25 Conclusions Language is like the tip of an iceberg. Context is like the picture on the box. How do we represent context? e.g. CYC Can we make do with restricted domains? Can we do NLP by example?