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The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe
Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals
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Proconsul
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WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Mammalian Phylogeny!
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Non-Placental Mammals
Marsupials Monotremes
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Rodentia
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Lagomorpha
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Chiroptera
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Carnivora
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Primates
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Cetacea
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Atriodactyla
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Perissodactlya
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Xenarthra
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Hyracoidea Sirenia Proboscidea Dermoptera Tubilentata Pholidota
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Insectivora Scandentia Macroscelidea
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Fossil Records of the Different Orders
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Relationships between the orders derived from morphological characteristics
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Perhaps orders arose rapidly when the dinosaurs died out
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Molecular Data Sloth TGCCAAATTAGTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGTTT Hedgehog TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGAATGGACTACATGGTGTTCTTCAGCTT Sirenian TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Elephant TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Aardvark TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Mouse TGCCACTTCCGTTCCGTGGTCAGTTTGGATTACATGGTCTTCTTCAGCTT Rabbit TGCAAATTCGATTCTGTTATACCCATGGAATACATGGTCTTCTTTAGCTT Human TGCCAATTTGTTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGTCTACATGGTATACTTCAGCTT Flying Fox TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTCATAAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTATTTCAGCTT Whale TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Pig TGCCAGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Horse TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGCATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Cat TGCCAGTTCCGTTCTGTCATGACGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
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Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
Human 1.24% 1.62% 3.08% Chimp % 3.12% Gorilla % Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
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All animals do not accumulate mutations at the same rate
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W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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Accumulates More Mutations
X Y Z W X Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Accumulates More Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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Accumulates More Mutations
X Y Z W X Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 Accumulates More Mutations 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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Tree Based on Molecular Characters
Tree Based on Morphological Characters Tree Based on Molecular Characters
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Afrotheria Xenartha Euarchonotoglires Laurasiatheria
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Calibrating the molecular clock
Proconsul Sivapithecus Calibrating the molecular clock Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan 5 1% Millions of years ago 10 2% Sivapithecus 15 3% Proconsul
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0
10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0
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Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
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A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips
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A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips Likelihood the coin was flipped a given number of times
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120 Million Years Ago Eutherians
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105 Million Years Ago Afrotheria Eutherians Xenarthra and others
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90 Million Years Ago ? Euarchontoglires Laurasiatheria Afrotheria
Xenarthra
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Next Time Meteorites and the Age of the Solar System
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