1. Thermalling Part 1 A simplified guide on how to fly a “thermal” GFA Coaching

2. Thermalling A thermal may form if a parcel of air is warmer than that which it surrounds. One of the basic skills in gliding is to recognise a thermal as you approach it.

3. Thermalling Thermals form near the ground in the super- adiabatic layer and need a nudge to release In this example note the super-adiabatic layer behind the tractor and the release of the thermal. Tractors trigger thermals can you think of any other causes that may help trigger a thermal?

4. Thermalling There are three stages in the life of a thermal

5. Thermalling

6. The thermal rises and broadens with altitude. The pilot needs to be sensitive to the rising air and feel the acceleration of the sailplane as it approaches the thermal.

7. Thermalling sink core

8. Thermalling Feel the rising wing and decide whether to turn, when to turn, and then which way to turn.

9. Thermalling A-B turning into lift. B-C steep angle of bank due to weakening lift. C-D shallow angle of bank due to strengthening lift. D maintain normal 45 degree angle of bank while in steady lift

10. Thermalling Rule 1 Never fly through the same patch of bad air twice. Rule 2 Always shift towards the stronger part of the thermal

11. Thermalling Worst heading centering method

12. Thermalling Vertical air movements[simplified] Fly here

13. Thermalling It has been found that in Australia a bank angle of 45 degrees is close to the optimum. This gives a higher sink rate for a smaller radius of turn but with the result of a higher climb rate

14. Thermalling R = 149 m 25 degr. bank angle R = 85 m 45 degr. bank angle Comparison of circle diameters 45 degree angle of bank

15. Thermalling Optimum angle of bank for strong and wide thermal Shallow bank gives wide radius of turn Sink increases rapidly above 50 degree of bank

16. Thermalling Angle of bank, when established in the thermal to optimise climb use approximately 45 degree of bank. Use wires, straws, or instrument screws to determine 45 degree bank

17. Thermalling A- represents the minimum speed at which the glider will still fly any slower and the aircraft stalls B- is the rate of minimum sink, the optimum if the aim is to sink as slowly as possible C- is the speed for best glide ratio

18. Thermalling Positioning of a glider as a result of inaccurate flying Half turn at 50kt and 40 degree angle of bank Radius =80.5m Half turn at 45kt and 45 degree angle of bank Radius=54.5m

19. To fly accurately fly attitude 1. Nose attitude for steady speed. 2. Bank angle for rate and radius of turn

20. Thermalling Use of ” top rudder” for optimum thermalling performance