1. Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point? Oscar Corcho Mariano Fernandez-Lopez Asuncion Gomez-Perez Presenter: Yihong Ding

2. Ontology Ontological Engineering: Methodologies Ontological Engineering: Tools Ontological Engineering: Languages Meeting Point Outline

3. Ontology: a fashionable word in the last decade Ontology Building Translation Evolution Reuse Evaluation Learning Mapping Merging Management Tools Methodologies Languages

4. Ontology: many definitions from Philosophy: “a systematic explanation of being” Neches gives some guidelines: “…defines the basic terms and relations compromising the vocabulary of a topic area as well as the rules for combining terms and relations to define extensions to the vocabulary.” Gruber, the most quoted: “…an explicit specification of a conceptualization” Borst, slightly modified: “…a formal specification of a shared conceptualization” Guarino: “…a logical theory which gives an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization”

5. Ontology: two types Lightweight ontologies Mainly taxonomies Include Concepts Concept taxonomies Relationships between concepts Properties that describe concepts Heavyweight ontologies Model the domain in a deeper way Provide more restrictions on domain semantics Include Everything for lightweight ontologies Axioms and constraints

6. Outline Ontology Ontological Engineering: Methodologies Ontological Engineering: Tools Ontological Engineering: Languages Meeting Point

7. Methodologies for Ontology Building Ontology building Cyc Manual  tool aided manual  mainly performed by tools Uschold and King Identify the purpose, build, evaluate, document Gruniger and Fox Identify the main scenarios, identify the competency questions, extract relevant concepts and relations, formalize in FOL KACTUS Ontology built on the basis of an application KB, by abstraction SENSUS Extract ontologies by reusing huge ontologies

8. Other methodologies CO4 Ontology cooperative construction A protocol to reach consensus between several KBs Leaves: user KB No consensual knowledge Intermediate nodes: group KB Have knowledge consensuated among all its children and siblings Knowledge consensus is achieved by the exchange of message between users

9. Other methodologies Ontology learning Ontology merging methodologies FCA-merge PROMPT ONIONS

10. Outline Ontology Ontological Engineering: Methodologies Ontological Engineering: Tools Ontological Engineering: Languages Meeting Point

11. Types of Ontology Tools Ontology development tools Editors and browsers Graphical editors Translators Ontology library management Ontology documentation Ontology population Evaluation Evolution Merge and alignement tools Ontology-based annotation tools Querying tools and inference engines Ontology learning tools

12. Some tools OilEd from University of Manchester http://oiled.man.ac.uk/ Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University) http://www-ksl.stanford.edu OntoSaurus from ISI (USA) http://www.isi.edu/isd/ontosaurus.html OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ. http://ontoserver.aifb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/ Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University) http://protege.stanford.edu / WebOnto from KMI (Open University) http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/ WebODE from UPM http://webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE/ KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of Karlsruhe http://kaon.semanticweb.org/ SymOntoX from LEKS http://www.symontox.org/

13. Tools for Ontological Engineering Ontolingua Ontology editor: remote browse and edit OKBC (Open Knowledge Based Connectivity) protocol: access to ontologies from remote or local applications Translation of ontologies into typical application environments Support for distributed, collaborative development of consensus ontologies Webster: an equation solver Chimaera: an ontology merging tool OntoSaurus Ontology Server Knowledge Representation Language based on DL: LOOM Reasoning capabilities associated to LOOM Ontology: SENSUS Ontology Browser dynamically creates HTML pages Edit the ontology Display the ontology content Translators: from LOOM to Ontolingua, KIF, KRSS, and C++

14. Tools for Ontological Engineering WebOnto Ontology editor for OCML ontologies Support editing ontologies collaboratively Allow synchronous and asynchronous discussions Protégé2000 Technology: Java standalone application; plug-in architecture Knowledge model features: OKBC compliant: classes and slots. Also metaclasses Axioms in KIF and PAL Knowledge acquisition forms automatically generated for capturing instances Merge tools: protégéPrompt Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML

15. Tools for Ontological Engineering WebODE Technology: Java workbench. Knowledge model features: Support to Methontology; OCML; axioms in Prolog Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, FLogic, Prolog Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL, FLogic, Prolog OntoEdit Technology: Java standalone application Knowledge model features: Support to OTK methodology Multilingual development of ontologies, Multiple inheritance Basic Axioms: disjoint concepts, symmetric relations, transitive relations. Imports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Exports: RDF, DAML+OIL, XML, FLogic Inference engine: OntoBroker

16. Tools for Ontological Engineering OILed Technology: Java standalone application. Backends can be added easily. Knowledge model features: SHIQ: classes organized in class taxonomies, properties, property restrictions and individuals. Disjoint and exhaustive subclass decompositions. Imports: RDF(S), OIL, DAML+OIL, SHIQ Exports: RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL, SHIQ Inference engine: FaCT, RACER DUET Technology: A plug-in in the Rational Rose suite. Knowledge model features: Core DAML+OIL concepts are mapped into UML Offer UML visualization Imports: DAML+OIL Exports: UML

17. Other Tools Ontology merging Chimaera, Protégé-PROMPT Ontology translation between languages Ontomorph Ontology-based Web page annotation COHSE, OntoMat, SHOE Knowledge Annotator Ontology evaluation OntoAnalyser, ONE-T, ODEClean RDF query engine RDFSuite, Sesame, Inkling, Jena

18. Outline Ontology Ontological Engineering: Methodologies Ontological Engineering: Tools Ontological Engineering: Languages Meeting Point

19. Ontology Implementation Languages KIF First-order logic Interchange format for diverse KR systems Ontolingua KIF + frames Highly expressive Difficult in reasoning (no reasoning support) Loom Description logic Provide automatic classification of concepts No procedures w.r.t. Ontolingua

20. Ontology Implementation Languages OCML Add to Ontolingua deductive and production rules Operational definitions for functions Develop executable ontologies FLogic (Frame Logic) Frame + First-order logic Allow deductive rules but prohibit n-ary relations Do not use Lisp-like syntax Inference engine: Ontobroker

21. Web-based Ontology Languages XML SHOE Allow the insertion of ontologies in HTML documents RDF DAML+OIL OWL

22. Outline Ontology Ontological Engineering: Methodologies Ontological Engineering: Tools Ontological Engineering: Languages Meeting Point

24. Proposed Workbench

25. Conclusion Nowadays, many ontology tools support to generate ontologies in many different ontology languages. In general, there is no correspondence between ontology building methodologies and tools. Many tools, but they are not usually able to be interoperate. Ontology markup languages are still under development.