1. Internal Factor : Physical Attributes & External Factor : Resources / Tangibles Pertemuan 5 Matakuliah: L0074/Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi 2 Tahun: 2008

2. INTERNAL FACTOR : PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES Fatigue & the energetic of performance Lifestyle (health, nutrition, Stimulant) Ageing Sex

3. Fatigue and the energetic of performance Fatigue refers to feelings of tiredness and bodily discomfort associated with prolonged activity. Fatigue may cause errors and accidents. It may be important to distinguish different sources of fatigue  prolonged concentration, sleep deprivation, and working at night  differ in the effects on performance.

4. BINA NUSANTARA4 THE TERM OF FATIQUE 1. Fatigue may be task-specific : the person is tired of performing a particular task  doing some different activity. 2. Fatigue may be generalised; the person is in a state of tiredness. Fatigue can cause “burnout” syndrome  tiredness accompanied by feelings of anger, anxiety and tension.

5. Subjective fatigue can cause Visual fatigue BoredomMalaiseMuscular fatigue Eye strainTask monotonousNauseaPhysical tiredness Blurred visionApathyHeadacheLimb tremors Flickering sensations Task aversionAuditory problemsStiffness

6. LIFESTYLE (Health, Nutrition & Stimulant ) Nobody feels at their best when ill. So people need to take a good care of their health. Illness is associated with a variety of active attempts to manage and cope with the illness which may have implications for performance. Medications like antihistamine and tranquilizers may have side- effects which include performance impairment. BINA NUSANTARA6

7. NUTRITION Eating has both positive and negative connotations for subsequent performance. The food may influence performance, because : 1. Some nutrients found in food are precursors of brain neurotransmitters. 2. The energy content of food may influence blood glucose levels. 3. There may be psychological mechanism for food effects, such as the expectancies encouraged by advertising. BINA NUSANTARA7

8. DRUGS, ALCOHOL, & STIMULANT There are not many research about drugs and alcohol especially in Indonesian culture. Stimulant are : caffeine and nicotine Stimulant caffeine : coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, and medications for colds Caffeine  increases activity in neurotransmitters which related to arousal, enhances overnight work performance and reduces sleepiness. Nicotine  increase alertness and arousal, and to improve mood generally. BINA NUSANTARA8

9. AGEING Growing older is typically associated with declines in both physical and mental abilities  most declines in the late 50s or early 60s. The research : - age and sensory performance (visual & auditory) - age and response speed - age and attention - age and memory BINA NUSANTARA9

10. SEX AND PERFORMANCE There is a consensus that men and women do not differ in performance on general intelligence tests, but there may be sex differences on primary ability measures  men perform better on spatial abilities & women perform better on verbal tests. Male  hunting performance, Female  foraging and social bonding. Influencing by culture. BINA NUSANTARA10

11. EXTERNAL FACTOR : RESOUCES / TANGIBLES Physical Environment : Noise, Thermal & other physical stressors. Cognitive support Tools - Human Machine Interface BINA NUSANTARA11

12. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT : NOISE Noise may be detrimental to performance for several reasons : – It disrupts auditory perception  high noise levels can impair hearing and make spoken communication difficult. – The irrelevant information delivered by noisy environments may affect post- perceptual processing  reducing attentional resource availability or forcing greater selectivity of attention. – Noise may have stress-related effects that are distinct from the more direct effects of noise on auditory information processing  produce feelings of irritation and annoyance. BINA NUSANTARA12

13. THERMAL & OTHER PHYSICAL STRESSOR Our physiology actively regulates temperature, aiming for thermal equilibrium at a temperature of around 37 degree C. Glare and visual discomfort Vibration Chemical & electromagnetic factors BINA NUSANTARA13

14. COGNITIVE SUPPORT Job aids  memo, post-it, pda, organizer. Documentation  books, portal, lotus notes  (knowledge management version 1). Cognitive support  Information Capital (Strategic Map) BINA NUSANTARA14

15. TOOLS – HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE Tools  computers, software, VCRs, Calculators, Automobiles, etc. Tools  ergonomics  machine to human. Tools  skill  human to machine  human error.

16. THE HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE Design of human-machine systems is to make optimal use of the abilities and skills of the individuals who are expected to operate them. Human system component : - speed - power - consistency of operation - flexibility

17. DISPLAY-CONTROL LOOP BINA NUSANTARA17

18. AUTOMATION BINA NUSANTARA18

19. SITUATION AWARENESS Situation awareness defined as the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the future. Levels of situation awareness : Level 1  the operator’s attention to and perception of current situational events. Level 2  the operator’s integration of information concerning the current process state into an overall understanding of the current situation and its relation to systems goals. Level 3  the operator’s extrapolation of information from levels 1 & 2 to project the current process state into the near future, or compare it with the desired process state. BINA NUSANTARA19

20. BINA NUSANTARA20

21. HUMAN ERROR Human error not only the error is from the human operator of a system, it’s also can be a result from poor system design, inadequate system maintenance, and inappropriate system management practices. Errors  result from discrepancy between a planned and an executed action  operators didn’t do what they intended to do or failure to response execution (slip) or failure of memory (lapse) or error of planning or judgement (mistake). BINA NUSANTARA21

22. Information processing context for representing human error. BINA NUSANTARA22

23. Errors divided into five categories 1. Errors of omission  action that should have been performed is not carried out. 2. Errors of commission  action that should not have been performed is executed. 3. Extraneous acts  action is performed to hinder or prevent the attainment of system goals. 4. Sequential errors  particular task element is performed out of sequence. 5. Time errors  correct action is performed too early, too late, or not within the permitted time. BINA NUSANTARA23

24. ACCIDENT Accident are generally unplanned  defined as an error with sad consequences. Accident can happen when no error has been made. Organizational accidents can arise from “active failures” or from “latent failures”. Unsafe acts  skill-based, ruled-based, knowledge-based errors, and violations. BINA NUSANTARA24

25. UNSAFE ACTS MODEL BINA NUSANTARA25

26. BINA NUSANTARA26 THE END