1. Tar Sands A Bridge to Tomorrow

2. What are Tar Sands? Tar sands, also called oil sands, are a mixture of bitumen, sand, water, and clay Tar sands, also called oil sands, are a mixture of bitumen, sand, water, and clay Bitumen is a heavy, viscous, form of crude oil Bitumen is a heavy, viscous, form of crude oil

3. Sand Makes Oil? Strip mining is the most common method of extraction Strip mining is the most common method of extraction

4. Sand and Steam Make Oil? Since the 1980s, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has been used to access deep deposits Since the 1980s, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has been used to access deep deposits

5. Alaskan Peace Bridge or Energy Bridge?

8. United States Rest of World

11. Cost Analysis Heavy vs. Light Crude Extraction Costs: $2/b light crude, $15/b heavy crude

12. Analysis By Method Basic Cost Areas: Operation Sustaining capital Waste disposal Methods and % Recovered: Surface mining (90%) SAGD (60-70%) VAPEX (60-70%)

13. Low Cost Future Ranking: SAGD VAPEX Surface Mining References: Energy bulletin online The World Energy Book online Wascana Energy Inc. “Cost Analysis of Advanced Technologies for the Production of Heavy Oil and Bitumen in Western Canada” www.oil-price.net

14. Vapex (Vapor Extraction) Solvents instead of steam: Uses no water Uses no water Uses no heat Uses no heat Releases less CO2 Releases less CO2 Could increase recoverable oil by 10b barrels Could increase recoverable oil by 10b barrels Source: Petroleum Technology Research Centre

15. Closed-Loop Solvent Extraction Uses no water Uses no water 100% of solvents recycled 100% of solvents recycled 99% oil recovery 99% oil recovery “The process is economically and environmentally safe” “The process is economically and environmentally safe” U.S. Department of Energy Source: www.nevtahoilsands.com

16. “Costs” of Tar Sands as a Bridge Technology

17. Wetlands? Who really cares?

18. Real strategies to counteract environmental danger

20. Necessary evils: The Caterpillar 760

21. As gas becomes more expensive, we won’t care about the so-called “costs” of tar sand oil production: the environment, pshaw.