1. Final Project Presentation Guidelines Each group has 12 minutes MAX PowerPoint available for use –Save presentation to Group Web Page and bring CD- rom as backup Tips –Use text and animations sparingly –Do not read directly from slides –Practice at least once before you give talk so you know how long it takes etc. –All group members should participate

2. Global Inequities: HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa Total: 34 – 46 million Western Europe 520 000 – 680 000 North Africa & Middle East 470 000 – 730 000 Sub-Saharan Africa 25.0 – 28.2 million Eastern Europe & Central Asia 1.2 – 1.8 million South & South-East Asia 4.6 – 8.2 million Australia & New Zealand 12 000 – 18 000 North America 790 000 – 1.2 million Caribbean 350 000 – 590 000 Latin America 1.3 – 1.9 million East Asia & Pacific 700 000 – 1.3 million Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS (2003) Source: www.UNAIDS.org

3. As a percentage of population… WHY? Source: www.UNAIDS.org 15-30% 5-15% 1-5%

4. Adult HIV prevalence 1986-2001 20 – 39% 10 – 20% 5 – 10% 1 – 5% 0 – 1% trend data unavailable outside region 1986 1991 1996 2001 Source: www.UNAIDS.org

5. What are HIV and AIDS? HIV – "human immunodeficiency virus" AIDS – "acquired immune deficiency syndrome“ HIV is a retrovirus –infects cells of the immune system –destroys or impairs their function Progressive depletion of immune system leads to "immune deficiency" –no longer fulfills role of fighting off infection and cancer HIV causes AIDSHIV causes AIDS Source: www.UNAIDS.org

6. How is HIV transmitted? Sexual intercourse –Anal intercourse carries a greater risk than vaginal –More easily transmitted from males to females (especially young girls aged 16 years and less) –Other STDs facilitate infection Blood transfusion Sharing of contaminated drug needles Between mother and infant (15-30% chance) –during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding Not transmitted through air, water, or by casual contact Source: www.UNAIDS.org

7. Can HIV/AIDS be treated? “Anti-retroviral” (ARVs) drugs available Brazil implemented universal access (1996) –mortality has declined 40-70% –seven-fold decline in HIV-related hospitalization –58,000 new AIDS cases and 90,000 AIDS-related deaths averted <25% of infants can get HIV from breast feeding –ARVs can reduce rates to 8-17% Problems: drug resistance and cost Source: Global HIV/AIDS Program of the World Bank 17-18 June 2003

8. Projected annual expenditure requirements for HIV/AIDS care and support by 2005, by region Sub-Saharan Africa: US$3,070M (69.14%) Total: US$4,440 million South and Southeast Asia: US$670M (15.09%) East Asia, Pacific: US$80M (1.80%) Latin America, Caribbean: US$550M (12.39%) Eastern Europe, Central Asia: US$20M (0.45%) North Africa, Middle East: US$50M (1.13%) Source: Schwartlander B et al (2001) Resource needs for HIV/AIDS, Science

9. United Kingdom Documented available international resources for HIV/AIDS: 2002 OECD Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan 9% Foundations 7% *Members of the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD United Kingdom 14% Other donor countries* 13% United Nations system organizations 27% United States of America 30% Source: UNAIDS, 2002

10. UN target 0.70% Net Official Development Assistance: % GDP 2000 Source: For GDP data, OECD, National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 1, for ODA data, OECD %, ODA/GDP 0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.001.10 United States Italy Greece Spain New Zealand Austria Ireland Canada Australia Portugal Germany Japan Finland United Kingdom France Belgium Switzerland Luxembourg Norway Sweden Netherlands Denmark