1. Planetary Scale Weather Regimes: ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation): A global teleconnection, strongest in the Pacific, between the tropical oceans and the tropical and midlatitude atmosphere. El Niño (warm phase of ENSO): La Niña (cold phase of ENSO): North Atlantic (or Arctic) Oscillation (NAO/AO): A teleconnection, strongest from eastern North America eastward to central Europe, between the extratropics and arctic. Pacific-North American (PNA) Pattern: A teleconnection, strongest from the eastern Pacific eastward to the western Atlantic, between the tropical eastern Pacific and the extratropics.

2. Source: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensocycle/enso_cycle.html

6. El Niño Years La Niña Years 200 hPa Mean Winds (m s -1 ): Jan-Mar

7. El Niño Years La Niña Years 200 hPa Anomalous Winds (m s -1 ): Jan-Mar

8. El Niño La Niña Source: http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ENSO/enso.comp.html Composite Wintertime ENSO Temperature over the US

9. El Niño La Niña Source: http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ENSO/enso.comp.html Composite Wintertime ENSO Precipitation over the US

10. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Source: J. D'Aleo, Chief WSI/Intellicast Meteorologist http://www.nemas.net/hwu/longrange/nao.html

11. Source: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/NAO/

12. European Blocking (Warm): 3-6 Feb'04

13. European Blocking (Cold): Jan'63

14. European Fast Flow (Stormy): 23-27 Dec'99

15. Source: http://www.intellicast.com/DrDewpoint/Library/1372/ Source: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/pna.shtml#current Pacific-North American Pattern (PNA)

16. Pacific-North American (PNA) Pattern PNA PositivePNA Negative 300 hPa Geopotential Heights (meters) Jan 1981Dec 1990

17. Pacific-North American (PNA) Pattern PNA PositivePNA Negative Jan 1981Dec 1990 300 hPa Geopotential Height Anomalies (meters)