1. Technical University of Gdansk Department of Radio Communications
Radio Communication Antennas by prof. Ryszard J. Katulski
Field of Study: Electronics and Telecommunications Level: MSc.

2. List of the Lecture Topics:
1. Antenna aspects in radio communication link
2. Principles of antenna choice in fixed and mobile link
3. Omnidirectional antennas
4. Sectorized antennas
5. Narrow beam antennas
6. Antenna technique for land mobile communications
7. Microstrip antenna technology
8. Properties of the microstrip antennas
9. Antenna technique for fixed satellite communications
Antenna equipment for mobile satellite terminal
Base theory of diversity receiving
Diversity antenna technique
Antenna technique for maritime communications
Smart antenna
15. Miniaturization of antenna equipment

3. Antenna aspects in radio communication link – introduction
Structure of the radio link (transmitter/receiver with wireless part)
Fixed and mobile link antenna properties
Omnidirectional and directional properties
Network structure aspects
Radio access cellular structure
Fixed or mobile networks
Base station and terminal equipment antennas properties
Sectorized antenna properties
Adaptive antenna in mobile link (smart conception)

4. Structure of the radio link (transmitter and receiver with wireless part)
one-directional case

5. Structure of the radio link (transmitter and receiver with wireless part)
two-directional case

6. EMC aspect of antenna properties
antenna interface:
desired (main beam),
undesired pattern (side and back pattern),
omnidirectional (isotropic),
sectorized,
narrow-beam,
adaptive pattern (smart antenna):
- dynamically adaptation of a Spatial Channel,
- reduction of an Interfernce Field,
- increase of a Network Capacity

7. Fixed and mobile link antenna properties
- Omnidirectional or directional properties:
Fixed: directional properties
Mobile: omnidirectional properties (simple case)

8. Network structure aspect
multi-station point-to-point network structure:
multi-station point-to-area cell structure – concept of a base station with terminals
(multi-users wireless access to telecommunication services):

9. point-to-point network structure
Radio-station antenna properties in fixed network
– directional:
Radio-station antenna properties in mobile network
- omnidirectional:

10. Cell structure with base station - fixed network case:
Base radio-station antenna properties
– omni or directional (sector or narrow beamwidth)
Terminal radio-station antenna properties
– directional (narrow beamwidth)

11. Cell structure with base station - mobile network case:
Base radio-station antenna properties
– omnidirectional or sectorized or …?
Terminal radio-station antenna properties
– omnidirectional (rather) or hemispherical

12. Adaptive antenna in mobile link (smart conception)
interference problem (desired and undesired signals):
if for base station omnidirectional pattern
then for base station directional pattern
antenna array with weight elements and adaptive processor should be applied
basic conception on example of linear antenna array:
and

13. Adaptive antenna directivity properties analysis
1-D case (equation and scheme):

14. Adaptive antenna directivity properties analysis
2-D case (equation and scheme):

15. Adaptive antenna system

16. Adaptive criterions
SNIR (maximum of Signal-to-Noise-Interference Ratio):
MSE (minimum of Mean Square Error):
correlation method

17. Adaptive procedure – two steps (scheme):
DOA (Direction of Arrival)
beamforming
(scheme)

18. Simple illustration of the DOA (scheme)

19. DOA algorithms (equations)

20. Beamforming procedure
- amplitude or phase steering
- phase array
(scheme + equations)

21. Principles of antenna choice in fixed and mobile link
- firstly, the antenna directivity properties should be taken into account due to the shape and range of the radio system operation area,
- secondly, the antenna gain should be taken into account due to the energetic bilans od the radio link,
- for fixed link, the antenna equipment with possible small value of the beamwidth is best solution,
- for mobile link, its depends on the kind of a radio-station:
- for base station the sectorized antenna equipment is prefered,
- for user terminal the short microstrip antenna is prefered

22. 3. Omnidirectional antennas
omnidirectional is not same as an isotropic property
(isotropic antenna is omnidirectional in each plane – theoretical model)
- omnidirectional antenna is practical case with non-directivity properties in one plane only
- typical omnidirectional are bellow antennas:
- half-wavelenght dipole in H-plane
- linear antenna (wip antenna) in H-plane

23. 4. Sectorized antenna properties
Antenna array with beamwidth:
- in horizontal plane (depends on users traffic)
- in vertical plane
- with few degrees tillt (non everyone)
(typical pattern with catalog)

24. Sectorized antenna structure
half-wavelenght dipole or rectangular microstrip radiator array
vertical polarization (in a base version)
feeder line
coupling problem

25. Narrow beam antennas
narrow beam in each plane (in E-plane and H-plane in practical)
- reflector’s antennas (parabolic form)
- by use rectangular antenna array (high gain)
- in mobile link a main beam position should be steering

26. Antenna technique for land mobile communications
- base radio-station antenna
- omnidirectional in wip form (one cell network with small traffic)
- sectorized in array form (multi-cell network with big traffic)
- antennas for space and polarization diversity
- terminal antenna
- omnidirectional in wip form
- hemispherical in short microstrip radiator form

27. Microstrip antenna technology
- view of a microstrip radiator:
main properties of one radiating element:
- integrated and simple construction
- easy technological process
- high energetic effectivness
- small directivity properties
- in wireless systems the radiating element array should be applied

28. Microstrip antenna technology – geometry of a microstrip line

29. Microstrip antenna technology – slot admitance
- slot conductance
- slot susceptance
- slot admitance
where: and
moreover: and

30. Microstrip antenna technology – slot radiation conductance
- slot admitance
- in practice
- in result
conclusion:
to obtain antenna phenomena
with good value of the radiation conductance,
the width of a microstrip line should be greater

31. Microstrip antenna technology – field distribution in a slot

32. Microstrip antenna technology
– geometry of a rectangular microstrip radiator
(usefull practical form of the antenna)

33. Design procedure of the microstrip rectangular radiator:
- choice of a dielectric layer
- radiator width
- radiator lenght
where:
and

34. Microstrip antenna technology – feeding techniques

35. 8. Electrical properties of the microstrip antennas
– main analysis techniques
- modelling techniques of the microstrip rectangular radiator
- transmission or cavity equivalence
(schemes of the microstrip lines and cavity without descriptions)

36. Transmission model of the microstrip rectangular radiator

37. Transmission model of the microstrip rectangular radiator
- Electrical (directivity) properties of the antenna
Radiation pattern:

38. Transmission model of the microstrip rectangular radiator
- Electrical (admitance) properties of the antenna
Resonant input admitance:

39. Transmission model of the microstrip rectangular radiator
Electrical (impedance) properties of the antenna
Input impedance vs. frequency:
where:
Resonant frequency:

40. Cavity model of the microstrip rectangular radiator – general description

41. Cavity model of the microstrip rectangular radiator
- resonant impedance properties for base mode:
where:

42. Transmission and cavity model of the radiator - comparison
- Radiation pattern in E-plane (x-z plane)

43. Transmission and cavity model of the radiator - comparison
- Radiation pattern in H-plane (y-z plane)

44. Polarization techniques of the microstrip antenna
- by special radiator feeding
- quasi-kwadrature shape of the radiator:

45. Polarization techniques of the microstrip antenna
- by use of the four radiator array
(schemes and desription)

46. Microstrip radiator – stacked technology
to increase frequency band due to radio systems application requirements
especially for modern wide band radio systems

47. Hemispherical antenna in short microstrip radiator form
(figure)

48. Microstrip rectangular array
(scheme)

49. - for Space Station application
Antenna technique for fixed satellite communications
- for Earth Station application
- high gain with narrow beam of directional properties
- parabolic reflector antennas
- radiation source constructions (polarization aspect)
- linear polarization can be applied but circular is better
- horn antennas (open waveguide) with linear or circular polarization
- half wavelenght dipole with linear polarization
- crossed dipoles with circular polarization
- for Space Station application
- high gain with narrow beam by use dipole or slot antenna arrra
- or multi-beam antenna array

50. parabolic reflector antenna construction
- with clasical reflector

51. parabolic reflector antenna construction
- with offset reflector

52. parabolic reflector antenna construction
- with dual reflector (Cassegraine Antenna)

53. Horn antennas (open waveguide)
- a polarization of e-m field in waveguide decides about type of the horn antenna polarization

54. Crossed dipoles with circular polarization
- analytical description of the dipoles:
- to obtain circular polarization:
- to obtain required value of the input impedance:

55. Antennas for Space Station application
- one- or multi-beam antenna array

56. Antenna equipment for mobile satellite terminal
- satellite antenna techniques for vehicles (on land and sea) with optional directivity properties depend on kind of telecommunications services (transmission rate in kbits/s):
- rectangular microstrip radiator and array
- short backfire and helical antenna constructions
- circular polarization should be applied
- crossed dipoles
- antenna equipment for personal satellite terminal
- microstrip radiator with hemispherical pattern

57. Satellite antenna equipment for vehicles
- relative wide beam should be applied due to permanent change of antenna position (orientation to satellite)
- optional directivity properties:
- best option with high gain equals more than 20 dB (full service)
- medium option with gain from 10 to 20 dB (limited service)
- simple option with gain equals few dB (small transmission rate)
- kind of service:
- full (high transmission rate with the few Mb/s)
- medium (transmission rate with the few kb/s)
- simple (transmission rate is smaller than kb/s)

58. Idea of the backfire antenna construction
- big and small reflectors with radiation source

59. Schemes of the short backfire antenna practical construction

60. Short backfire antenna properties – radiation patterns
- one source antenna
- four array

61. Helical antenna constructions
- axis radiation in satellite link application
with circular polarization
- orthogonal to axis radiation -
with linear polarization
(wip antenna eqivalence) in land mobile terminal
- scannig axis in radio-monitoring
- for axis radiation:
and

62. Helical antenna analysis
- radiation properties (pattern for axis radiation):
- radiation properties (polarization)
from axis to ortogonal radiation :
- impednace properties for axis polarization:

63. Reflectors for helical antenna
with

64. Helical antenna properties

65. Base theory of diversity receiving

66. Diversity antenna technique
- antenna for space diversity

67. antennas for polarization diversity
with two orthogonal linear polarizations
/- 45 degrees
/180 degrees (horizontal/vertical polarizations)

68. Antenna technique for maritime communications
- wip and mast antenna
a) current distribution
b) radiation pattern
c) omidirectional in horizontal plane

69. analysis method of the wip and mast antenna – thin-wire model
where:
method of moments procedure is applies to determination of the current distribution as parameter to calculate of radiation pattern with input impedance
and coupling problem analysis of a ship antenna array

70. Antenna technique for maritime communications
- link antenna

71. Satellite antenna equipment for ship application
- changes of the ship position
- relative wide beam should be applied due to permanent change of antenna position (orientation to satellite)
- optional directivity properties:
- best option (A standard) with high gain equals more than 20 dB (full telecommunication service)
- medium option (B standard) with gain from 10 to 20 dB (limited service)
- simple option (C standard) with gain equals few dB (small transmission rate)
- kind of service:
- full (high transmission rate with the few Mb/s)
- medium (transmission rate with the few kb/s)
- simple (transmission rate is smaller than kb/s)

72. Antenna technique for underwater communications
- link antenna

73. Smart antenna

74. Miniaturization of antenna equipment