1. The Different Channels of University- Industry Knowledge Transfer: Empirical Evidence from Biomedical Engineering R. Brennenraedts, R. Bekkers and B. Verspagen Eindhoven University of Technology Comments by J. Thursby Emory University

2. Eindhoven University Why biomedical? Why not electronics?

3. Main Issue Science important to growth Much new knowledge created in universities Such knowledge must be transferred to industry

4. BUT in Europe, in spite of very good science, “… the most important weakness of the European knowledge economy seems to be the transformation of scientific research into competitive advantages.” The “European Paradox”

5. The authors seek to gain insights into knowledge transfer from universities to industry. Want to look at informal as well as formal paths. Survey of faculty rather than R&D managers Biomed engineering at Eindhoven – about 64 valid respondents

6. Topics – Measure Frequency & Importance Publications Conferences Mobility of people Other informal networks R&D cooperation Sharing of facilities Cooperation in education Contract research & consulting IPR Spin-offs

7. BUT in Europe, in spite of very good science, “… the most important weakness of the European knowledge economy seems to be the transformation of scientific research into competitive advantages.” The “European Paradox”

8. US v. Western Europe