1. Slides 1 to 85
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Respiratory Changes at Birth
Conditions Before Birth
Pulmonary arterial resistance is high
Rib cage is compressed
Lungs are collapsed
Airways, alveoli are filled with fluid
Conditions After Birth
An heroic breath fills lungs with air, displaces fluid, and opens alveoli
Surfactant stabilizes open alveoli
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Respiratory System Functions
Functions of Respiratory System
Gas exchange between blood and air
Produce sound
Detect olfactory嗅覺 stimuli
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Respiratory System Organization
Components of the Respiratory System
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses 副鼻竇
Pharynx 咽
Larynx 喉
Trachea 氣管, bronchi 支氣管
Lungs 肺臟
Bronchioles 細支氣管
Alveoli 肺泡 (gas exchange)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Respiratory System Organization
The Components of the Respiratory System
Figure 15-1

6. Respiratory System Organization
The Respiratory Tract
Conducting portion
Conduct the air movement
From nares to small bronchioles
Respiratory portion
Gas exchange region
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

7. Respiratory System Organization
Respiratory Mucosa黏膜
Respiratory epithelium plus supporting connective tissue with mucous glands
Lines nasal cavity and most of airways
Goblet杯狀 and gland cells secrete mucus
Mucus traps inhaled dirt, pathogens, etc.
Ciliated cells纖毛細胞 sweep the mucus out of the airways into pharynx
Irritants stimulate secretion
Causes “runny nose”
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Respiratory System Organization
The Respiratory Epithelium
Figure 15-3(b)

9. Respiratory System Organization
The Respiratory Epithelium
黏液層
Figure 15-3(a)

10. Respiratory System Organization
The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx 鼻甲 鼻咽
鼻前庭 有毛
外鼻孔 口咽
會厭軟骨 舌咽 聲門
甲狀軟骨 聲帶
環狀軟骨 食道
Figure 15-2

11. Respiratory System Organization
The Anatomy of the Larynx and Vocal Cords
Figure 15-4(a)

12. Respiratory System Organization
The Anatomy of the Larynx and Vocal Cords
Figure 15-4(c)

13. Respiratory System Organization
The Anatomy of the Trachea
C型軟骨
Figure 15-5

14. Respiratory System Organization
The Bronchioles
Cartilage absent
Diameter < 1.0 mm
Terminal bronchioles deliver air to a single lobule
Smooth muscle in wall controlled by ANS
Sympathetic causes bronchodilation
Parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction
Excess bronchoconstriction is asthma 氣喘

15. Respiratory System Organization
The Bronchial Tree
Figure 15-6(a)

16. Respiratory System Organization
The Alveolar Ducts肺泡管 and Alveoli
Gas exchange regions of lung
Respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts
Ducts lead into alveolar sacs
Sacs are clusters of interconnected alveoli
Gives lung an open, spongy look
About 150 million/lung

17. Respiratory System Organization
The Lobules肺葉 of the Lung
Figure 15-6(b)

18. Respiratory System Organization
Alveolar Organization
Figure 15-7(b)

19. Respiratory System Organization
中隔細胞: 表面活性素
IRID呼吸窘迫症
Figure 15-7(c)

20. Respiratory System Organization
The Gross Anatomy of the Lungs 肺尖 肺底
Figure 15-8

21. Respiratory Physiology
Pulmonary Ventilation肺換氣作用
Respiratory cycle—A single breath consisting of inspiration (inhalation)吸氣 and expiration (exhalation)呼氣
Respiratory rate—Number of cycles per minute
Adult normal rate 12 to 18 breaths/minute
Child normal rate 18 to 20 breaths/minute
Alveolar ventilation—Movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. 收縮 AT REST INHALATION EXHALATION Sternocleido- mastoid Scalene muscles
Pectoralis minor
Transversus
thoracis
Serratus anterior
Internal
intercostals
External
intercostal
Rectal
abdominis
(other
abdominal
muscles
not shown)
Diaphragm 收縮
Pleural
space
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Pressure outside and
inside are equal, so no
movement occurs
Po = Pi
Volume increases
Pressure inside falls,
and air flows in
Po > Pi
Volume decreases
Pressure inside rises,
so air flows out
Po < Pi
Figure 15-10(b)
1 of 4
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Respiratory Physiology
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
肺活量
Spirometer
肺量計
Figure 15-11

24. Respiratory Physiology
Gas Exchange
External respiration體外呼吸—Diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood across the respiratory membrane
Internal respiration體內呼吸—Diffusion of gases between blood and interstitial fluids across the capillary endothelium
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. An Overview of Respiration and Respiratory Processes
Figure 15-12

26. Respiratory Physiology
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Figure 15-13

27. The Control of Respiration
Meeting the Changing Demand for Oxygen
Requires integration cardiovascular and respiratory responses
Depends on both:
Local control of respiration
Arterioles supplying pulmonary capillaries constrict when oxygen is low
Bronchioles dilate when carbon dioxide is high
Control by brain respiratory centers
Three pairs of nuclei
Two pairs in pons橋腦
One pair in medulla oblongata延髓
Control respiratory muscles
Set rate and depth of ventilation
Respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla
Sets basic rhythm of breathing

28. The Control of Respiration
Reflex反射 Control of Respiration
Inflation reflex
Protects lungs from overexpansion
Deflation reflex
Stimulates inspiration when lungs collapse
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Respond to changes in pH, PO2, and PCO2 in blood and CSF
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. The Control of Respiration
Control by Higher Centers
Exert effects on pons or on respiratory motorneurons
Voluntary actions
Speech, singing
Involuntary actions through the limbic system
Rage, eating, sexual arousal
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings