1. Flowcharts and programming Techniques
Chapter 5
Flowcharts and programming Techniques

2. Introduction
A flowchart is a diagram consisting of labeled geometrical symbols together with rows connecting one symbol to another
A program flowchart pictures the sequence of instructions for solving a particular problem ( usually by means of a computer program).

3. Introduction
BOUNS = 0.03 * SALARY

4. Introduction
The sequence of instructions for solving a particular problem is called algorithm.
Express the algorithm through a flowchart
Easier to draw the flowchart than to write the program directly.
Easier to understand than program
Easy for development.
Flowcharts are independent of any particular programming language

5. VARIABLES ,DATA-NAMES, PROGRAMMING SATATEMENTS
a variable means a data item whose value may change during the execution of the program.
Examples:-
Salary
Bouns
AVERAGE
Assignment Statements
Salary = 500
Bouns = 0,03*Salary
AVERAGE = ( T1+T2+T3)/3

6. VARIABLES ,DATA-NAMES, PROGRAMMING SATATEMENTS
HOURS = HOURS + 12
Counter = Counter + 1

7. Input/Output Statements
Read NUMBER, HOURS,RATE
Write NUMBER, GROSS , NET

8. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS

9. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS
Terminal symbol
Input/Output symbol

10. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS
process symbol

11. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS
Decision symbol.

12. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS
Example: A company plans to give a year-end 3% to each of its employees. However, if an employee has been working 10 or more years at the company , he is to get an additional $50.

13. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS

14. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS
Example: The HP company plans to give a year-end 3% bonus to each of its employees earning $10,000 or more per year , and a fixed $300 bonus for the other employees.

15. FLOWCHART SYMBLOS

16. LOOPS AND THEIR CONTROL BY A COUNTER

17. LOOPS AND THEIR CONTROL BY A COUNTER

18. CONTROL OF LOOPS BY HEADER OF TRALIER RECORDS
Control by a Header Record

19. CONTROL OF LOOPS BY HEADER OF TRALIER RECORDS
Control by a Trailer Record

20. ACCUMULATORS

21. ACCUMULATORS
Example : Suppose that a company wants to find the total salary paid to its employees of a company.

22. TWO SPECIAL ALGORITHMS:
The average of the salaries,

23. TWO SPECIAL ALGORITHMS:
The largest salary

24. DO LOOPS

25. DO LOOPS
Example: A company has 80 employees . Draw a flowchart to find the average salary and the number of employees earning above the average salary

27. Example