1. Evolution by Natural Selection ES 100: Environmental Ecology 10/2/06 www.biblewheel.com/ History/C19_Evolution.asp

2. Roots of Ecology Relatively new science Carl von Linné (mid 1700’s) classification of living things

3. The Classification of Living Things Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

4. Roots of Ecology Carl von Linné (mid 1700’s) classification of living things Alexander von Humboldt (early 1800’s) botanical geography Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace 1850 animal geography theory of evolution by natural selection Ernst Haeckel 1866 coined the term “ecology” Edward Suess 1875 “biosphere” as the condition that promotes life: it includes plants, animals, and non-living things Arthur Tansley 1935 “ecosystem” concept: interaction between living and non-living entities in the biosphere

5. Hypotheses, Theories and Your Textbook http://home.comcast.net/~fsteiger/cartoon2.gif

6. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Natural selection is the mechanism that explains evolution Natural Selection: scale = individual Evolution: scale = many generations

7. Temporal Scale Animation of whale evolution: Click here

8. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Natural selection is the mechanism that explains evolution Natural Selection: scale = individual Evolution: scale = many generations Darwin’s observations: Organisms produce more young than can survive. All species exhibit genetic variability (from mutation and random combination of parent’s genes). Individuals with traits most suited to environment most likely to survive. Only survivors contribute to the gene pool. Theory: Lineages with most appropriate biological programming (genes) for current environmental conditions will leave the most descendants.

9. Bush, page 7: “Sickle-cell anemia, Down’s syndrome, and color blindness are heritable, and each would reduce an individual’s chance of survival in a wild human population”

10. When is Mutant Sickle-cell Gene Desirable? www.sicklecelldisease-il.org/.../ what/how.html

11. Natural Selection and Physical Appearance

12. Optimal Foraging Theory Organisms that ‘forage’ most efficiently will be more likely to reproduce (improve fitness) –Thus, natural selection favors optimal foraging. –Cost/benefit analysis What is foraging? What do plants and animals forage for? police.ucsb.edu/ crime_prevent.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html SWEATY T-SHIRT EXPERIMENT:

13. Natural Selection and Biochemical Traits

14. Testing Hypotheses: Observation vs. Experimentation Observation: See patterns in the field Strength: grounded in reality Weakness: mechanistically weak Experimentation: Manipulate system by creating experiments Strength: control variables Weakness: not realistic

15. Natural Selection and Behavior

16. Is Human-Environmental Behavior a Result of Natural Selection? Genetically Based Reproductive Urges? Short-term Egoists? Altruism- inclusive fitness? Reciprocal Altruism? What are the implications for environmental management?

17. Are Human’s Exempt from Natural Selection?

18. Defining ‘evolution’ Scientific Definitions: All the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today –Neil Campbell The origination of species of animals and plants… –O.E.D. Common Usage: A process of continuous change from a lower, simpler, or worse to a higher, more complex, or better state –Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary From a scientific point of view, evolution is just how new species come about

19. Humans as an Evolutionary Endpoint?

20. Theory of Evolution: Criticisms Microevolution is generally accepted, but macroevolution is hotly debated –How does evolution add information to a genome to create progressively more complicated organisms? –How is evolution able to bring about drastic changes so quickly? –How could the first living cell arise spontaneously to get evolution started? BasilosaurusAmbulocetusPakicetus Humpback

21. Section this Week Internet assignment for section this week: –Visit course website –Follow “Feast of the Biomes” link –Prepare (typed) assignment and bring to section –Bring food to section (can bring a form of the fruit/vegetable- chocolate instead of cocoa beans)