1. Concepts in biochemistry Review session Nov. 26, 2007

2. pH = -log [H+] concentration of hydrogen ions pKa = -log Ka susceptibility for hydrogen removal Ka is proton dissociation constant Ka = [H+] [A-]/ [HA] pH = pKa when acid HA is HALF neutralized and you have as much acid as ions

4. Carbonic acid pKa = 3.5 (strong acid!) Carbonic anhydrase Zn-dependent, rate = 10 6 /s pH drops helps O 2 release

6. often in cat. center, good H+ acceptor disulfide bonds pigments, thyroid hormones

8. ? ?

10. chemically what kind of bond?

14. Interactions between side chains shape tertiary structure of proteins

15. Interactions between individual polypeptides shape quarternary structure Collagen

18. Enzymes don’t change the equilibrium only the RATE of an reaction

19. Catalysis

20. Substrate concentration at Vmax/2 Km=dissociation/association

21. Lineweaver-Burk 1/Vo=Km/Vmax x 1/s + 1/Vmax

23. High substrate concentrations can outcompete the inhibitor

25. Unproductive reaction = at same amount of substrate, you lower Vmax,

26. Example: The antibiotic Deoxycyclin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of collagenase and is used to treat peridontal disease Unproductive reaction = at same amount of substrate, you dramatically lower Vmax, binds enzyme in absence and presence of substrate

27. IMPORTANT: Allosteric enzymes DO NOT obey MM kinetics, because they contain multiple subunits that affect each other (e.g., hemoglobin)

30. Chymotrypsin: Ser part of catalytic triad

31. Catalytic triad: Asp positions His, His extracts hydrogen from Ser, Ser attacks carboxyl-terminal side of Trp, Tyr, Phe or Met (large hydrophobic residues) Chymotrypsin has highly reactive Ser residue

34. Niacin = Vit B3

35. FMP AMP

38. TPP = thiamine pyrophosphate

41. Production of pyruvate

44. Net gain in glycolysis: 2ATP 2 NADHs

45. Dead end

46. The Cori Cycle

47. stimulated by insulin

49. Sources for glucose production underlined

54. nucleotide metabolism (to make nucleotides, NOT to gain energy)

61. Electron transport chain in the mitochondria

62. Increasing potential to accept electrons Complex I II III IV ubiquinone

65. outside inside

66. You make 30 ATPs/1glucose

68. Acyl carrier protein

72. Diabetic ketosis in the absence of insulin