1. Galileo – a UK Success Story
Pat Norris MRAeS, FRIN
LogicaCMG Business Development Manager
Chairman, RAeS Space Group

2. Plan of the presentation
GPS
GLONASS
Galileo
UK in Galileo

3. How does GNSS Work?

4. Alternative satellite navigation concepts
The US Navy Transit system popularised an alternative approach to determining position using satellites
this approach uses the change in the Doppler shift of a radio beacon to provide positioning information
The concept is still operational in the SARSAT/COSPAS emergency location system

5. How Accurate is GPS?
1 m
10 m
1 cm
1 mm

6. Selective Availability Reduced to Zero

7. Increasing System Capabilities w Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit
GPS Modernization Path
Increasing System Capabilities w Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit
Block IIA/IIR
Block IIR-M, IIF
Block III
IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus
2nd civil signal (L2C)
M-Code (L1M & L2M)
Eliminates SA for denial
Anti-jam flex power
IIF: IIR-M capability plus
3rd civil signal (L5)
Block IIIA:
Increased anti-jam power
Increased security
Increased accuracy
Navigation surety
Backward compatibility
Assured availability
Controlled integrity
System survivability
4th civil signal (L1C)
Basic GPS
Std Service (16-24m SEP)
Single frequency (L1)
Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation
Precise Service (16m SEP)
Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y)
Y-Code navigation
Now in orbit II-3, IIA-17, IIR-9
To go IIR-3, IIRM-7/8, IIF-16, III-30
Explain relationship with other AF, DoD wide, or FMS programs. Also Civil Agencies.
The Air Force is committed to being good stewards of GPS as a global civil utility and to maintaining the military capability GPS provides
Other (provide any other relevant information AF may get “pinged on”…currently available format is acceptable).
GPS II anti-jam capabilities are sufficient for warfighter needs through FY12; funding and schedule stability is focused on the deployment of already approved military and civil capabilities in the GPS II space and ground control segments
Additional info to provide:

8. GPS Civil Signals 1st Civil 2nd Civil 3rd Civil 4th Civil L5 L2 L1
C/A
1st Civil
Block II/IIA/IIR
L2C
C/A
2nd Civil
Block IIR-M
L2C
C/A I5
3rd Civil
Block IIF Q5
L2C
C/A
L1C (TBR) I5
4th Civil
Block III Q5
1176 MHz
1227 MHz
1575 MHz

9. L2C Second Civil Signal Benefits of L2C Defined in ICD-GPS-200D
improves PNT for current scientific/commercial dual frequency users via ionospheric effect cancellation
extends safety-of-life, single-frequency E-911 applications
provides better protection than C/A against code cross correlation and continuous wave (CW) interference
improved data structure for enhanced data demodulation
provides backup link in case of local interference
Defined in ICD-GPS-200D
First available with IIR-M launch 21 Sep 05
configuration of signal determined via ongoing interagency process
use L2C at user’s risk--configuration can change (NANU process)
L2C
MHz

10. L5 Third Civil Signal
Improves signal structure for enhanced performance
higher power
wider bandwidth = 10x processing gain
longer spreading codes (10x C/A)
Aeronautical Radionavigation Services band
WRC-2000 added space signal component to this aeronautical band so aviation community can manage interference to L5 more effectively than L2
Defined in IS-GPS-705
First available with first GPS IIF launch (2007) L5
MHz

11. New L1C Signal Improvements
Implementation will provide C/A code to ensure backward compatibility
Assured of 1.5 dB increase in minimum C/A code power to mitigate any noise floor increase
Data-less signal component pilot carrier improves tracking
Enables greater civil interoperability with Galileo L1
First available with first GPS III launch in 2013
L1C
MHz

12. EGNOS in Europe, WAAS in the USA, MSAS in Japan
Space-Based Augmentation Systems
EGNOS in Europe, WAAS in the USA, MSAS in Japan
WAAS
MSAS
EGNOS
Related systems planned in India, China, Russia…

13. Plan of the presentation
GPS
GLONASS
Galileo
UK in Galileo

14. History and Perspectives of the GLONASS Constellation
GLONASS deployment milestones:
18 satellites in constellation – 2007
24 satellites in constellation –
Source: Glonass

15. The GLONASS Accuracy Improvement Program
GLONASS Performance
Problems of pure present GLONASS performances
new satellite – outdated ground control assets
limited area for orbit tracking (Russian territory)
time keeping system needs to be modernized
SISRE,m
GLONASS –
GPS
The GLONASS Accuracy Improvement Program
is in implementation
Source: Glonass

16. Results of GLONASS Program implementation for 2002-2004
12/2001: 6 SV, A=17 
gap = 13.7h
12/2002: 8 SV, A=22 
gap = 9.3h
12/2003: 9 SV, A=35 
gap = 9.0h
Since 2001 the gap in navigation with GLONASS reduced
from 14 to 3 hours
12/2004: 11 SV, A=58 
gap = 4.6h
03/2005: 13 SV, A=76 
gap = 2.9h
12/2007: 18 SV, A=96 
gap = 0.6h
Source: Glonass

17. GLONASS Modernization Plan
Source: Glonass

18. GLONASS Performance Modernization Plan
Satellite modernization
clock stability improvement
dynamic model improvement (attitude accuracy, eclipse passing algorithm)
Receiving monitoring stations (RMS) network extension
Space Force network (3 stations)
Roskosmos network (9-12 stations)
international cooperation (IGS network)
GLONASS time keeping system modernization
new system clocks with high stability (2 distributed clocks)
synchronization system modernization
OD&TS software modernization based on one-way code and phase data processing
GPS level accuracy for GLONASS to be achieved by 2008
Source: Glonass

19. Plan of the presentation
GPS
GLONASS
Galileo
UK in Galileo

20. The European Galileo System
30 satellites in 3 orbital planes 120° apart
27 operational plus 3 in-orbit spares
Inclination 56° Altitude ~22,900 km Period ~14 hours
In-Orbit Validation (IOV): 2 prototype satellites 4 pre-op’tnl satellites

21. Satellite Constellation
GALILEO Architecture
Worldwide Users 10
C-band Tx
Uplink Stations
Control Centres 30
Sensor
Stations
S-band Tx/Rx 5
TT&C Stations ….
Satellite Constellation 2
Global Ground Segment
IOV configuration:
2x TT&C
5x ULS
12x GSS
1x GCC

22. ESA – responsible for IOV
The Customer
17 Member States
PB/Navigation
25 Member States
Transport Council
European
Space Agency
European
Commission
GJU
Supervisory Board
GSA
GJU
GSA = Galileo Supervisory Authority
GJU = Galileo Joint Undertaking
IOV = In-Orbit Validation
PB = Programme Board
ESA – responsible for IOV

23. Global, European-led under civil control
Galileo Key Features
Global, European-led under civil control
Independent but compatible & interoperable with GPS
A wide range of services to be offered
Galileo is open to international partnerships

24. Current Services Definition
Commercial Service (CS) added value services
Open Service (OS) free of direct user charges
Safety-of-Life Service (SoL) with high integrity signals & fault indication
Public Regulated Service (PRS) government encrypted signals
OS - service for the mass market, provided on 2 (3) frequencies.
System free of direct user charge, world-wide coverage.
CS - same basic performance as open service
added value by additional information in the data-stream
correction data
Integrity information
other navigation related data
access is restricted via encryption for commercial exploitation of the service by service provider
SOL - same basic performance as the open service
additional provision of integrity information
free of direct user charges
may be access restricted to specific user groups by encryption
PRS - Guaranteeing the continuity of
public applications for European and/or national security
regulated and/or critical applications in the fields of energy, transport and telecommunication
economic and industrial activities of strategic interest for Europe, even in times of crisis
Controlled by EU and Member State governments
Dedicated frequencies
Encrypted ranging codes and navigation message
Access will be restricted to users authorised by Member States.
SAR - Support of present COSPAR/SARSAT 406MHz beacons
Support of present ground segment of COSPAR/SARSAT
Feedback to beacons via the GALILEO navigation message
Free of direct charges
Unencrypted messages
Improved localisation by TOA measurements
Improved localisation by the large constellation
Search and Rescue Service (S&R) for people in distress

25. L2 L1 L5 GPS G2 G1 GLONASS E5 C1 E6 GALILEO
GNSS Frequencies L2 L1 L5
GPS G2 G1
GLONASS E5 C1 E6 E4 E1 E2
GALILEO
1215 MHz
1260 MHz
1164 MHz
1300 MHz
5010 MHz
5030 MHz
1559 MHz
1610 MHz

26. Frequencies and Services
E5a E2
OS/SoL E1 E2 E6
E5b CS
PRS E6 E1 E2
1215 MHz
1260 MHz
1164 MHz
1300 MHz
5010 MHz
5030 MHz
1559 MHz
1610 MHz

27. GNSS Development Schedules (at Sep 05)FY 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Space
Segment
GPS IIR
GPS IIR-M
R&D
GPS III Launches
1st IIR-M
IIR-M - 8
IOC FOC
GPS IIF
GPS
1st IIF
IIF – 19
2021
GPS III/Hi Power M Code/L1C
IOC FOC
New
Services L5
Source:
USAF Sep 2005
IOC FOC
L2C/M Code/Flex Power
IOC = 12 SV on orbit
Provides capability to all static time transfer users
Aids in acquisition and anti-jam for some users
12 M-code = 4/08; 24 = 4/12
12 L-5 = 5/11
Galileo
IOV Phase
26 Galileo Launches
FOC
Galileo 2
Source:
LD’s Best Guess
GSTB V2
9 SVs (IOC) (FOC)
Glonass
L2 2nd Civil signal M
E5B 3rd Civil signal
Source:
GLONASS
Sep 05
Integrity K
Basic

28. Plan of the presentation
GPS
GLONASS
Galileo
UK in Galileo
pre-development activities (including the prototype satellites)
the main development phase

29. Galileo & the UK – 1 – the design phase
Before the main development contract began (Dec ’04) UK industry had been selected to provide >30% of Galileo:
Prime-contractor of one prototype satellite, GIOVE-A: SSTL
Payload contractor for the second, GIOVE-B: Astrium UK
Prime-contractor for design of the ground segment: LogicaCMG
Subsystem level roles for ComDev, Helios, NPL, QinetiQ, SciSys, Serco and Vega
Total funding at that stage ~€150M – so UK part ~€50M

30. GSTB-V2 Programme Overview
ESA GIOVE-A
Precursor to European Galileo programme
Objective
secure frequency filing
measure MEO environment
demonstrate key payload technologies
provide Signal-in-Space for experimentation
Requirements
two year mission lifetime
low cost, rapid schedule
…within ESA’s Galileo programme
The GEMINI bus is the basis for our offer to ESA to build first Galileo test satellite:
meets ESA’s 4 key requirements, in particular is being built in a 2 year programme including the NRE
Is low cost – 28 Meuro vs. 72 Meuro by the big primes
Sir Martin Sweeting, SSTL (R)
Claudio Mastracci, ESA (L)

31. GIOVE-A Schedule Schedule driven by Winter ’05 launch Design
QSR: Q3 03
PDR: Q4 03
CDR: Q2 05
IRR : Q3 04
TRR : Q3 05
FRR : Q4 05
LW : Dec 05
Schedule driven by Winter ’05 launch
CDR
QSR
PDR MR
Design
IRR
Manufacture
TRR
Integration
FRR
Environmental Test
Launch KO

32. A Modular Design Modular design allows short duration programmes
by permitting parallel manufacture and test
Propulsion Bay
Avionics Plate
Payload Frame

33. GIOVE-A: First Integration
Delivered to ESTEC, NL, for environmental tests - summer 2005
Antenna
Payload Bay
Avionics
Propulsion Bay

34. GIOVE-A Solar Arrays

35. Launch – 26 December 2005 (1) Jettison of Soyuz/Fregat fairing
Images Courtesy ESA

36. Launch – 26 December 2005 (2)
Satellite/Fregat composite separates from Soyuz third stage
Images Courtesy ESA

37. Launch – 26 December 2005 (3)
Satellite separates from Fregat upper stage
Images Courtesy ESA

38. Galileo Industries Formation & Heritage
A political agreement was reached that called for the development of Galileo to be undertaken by an international consortium called Galileo Industries
Galileo Industries S.A. founded May 2000 as a Belgian company
mission to become industrial prime contractor
Galileo
Industries SA
Alcatel-Alenia (F)
25%21.5% 19%
Alcatel-Alenia (I)
25%21.5% 19%
Astrium GmbH (D)
25%21.5% 19%
Astrium Ltd (UK)
25%21.5% 19%
F o u n d i n g S h a r e h o l d e r s
GSS (E)
14%12%
Thales (F/D/UK)
12%
joined June 2003
joined April 2004

39. Lead Roles within Galileo Industries
Prime Mgt
System Eng &
Procurement
Security
Engineering
Thales
Level N
Level N-1
Level N-2
Level N-3
GSTB V1
Alcatel
GSTB V2
Astrium G
Space
Segment
& Satellite
Astrium G
Ground
Control
Segment
Astrium UK
Ground
Mission Segment
Alcatel
Test
User Segment
Thales
System AIV
Alenia
Satellite AIT
Alenia
Launcher (CFI)
Payload
Astrium UK
Clocks SSPA NSGU PLSU etc

40. Galileo & UK – 2 – the development phase
For the main development contract, political arrangements assure each country of contracts in ~proportion to funding
UK highlights in addition to the Galileo Industries roles:
Space Segment
Optical multiplexer, €1M, ComDev
Power amplifiers, €10M, Astrium
Space qualified components, IGG
Navigation signals
Amplification
of signals
COM DEV filters
Navigation antenna
E2 channel
E5 channel
E6 channel
Filter
OMUX E2
E5 + E6

41. UK Roles - continued Ground Segment
Key management facilities, €20M, LogicaCMG
Elements of Galileo receiver, €7M, QinetiQ
Satellite control facility, €6M, LogicaCMG
Algorithms & real-time hardware, €6M, LogicaCMG
Test & integration tools, €6M, Vega
Simulation & automation tools, €5M, SciSys
ESA’s main control centre

42. Galileo Key Management Facilities
Principal functions:
generation of encryption keys
distribution, management & revocation of keys
monitoring & control of the security module in each element
COMSEC for the Galileo Services
service denial & over-the-air-rekeying (OTAR) for the PRS
Galileo Services Supported:
PRS (Public Regulated Service)
C-band (mission segment monitoring & control)
CS (Commercial Service)
SoL (Safety of Life service)
S-Band (Control segment monitoring & control)

43. Algorithms and real-time hardware
EGNOS has been created to make GPS compatible with aviation standards
LogicaCMG supplied the €10M check set that validates the EGNOS signal:
establishes GPS integrity
similar processing hardware and software is designed into Galileo:
facilitates certification for aviation and other safety related uses
specialist support from Sigma Associates & Ian McAnany
The LogicaCMG check set currently installed at Swanwick and other EGNOS centres across Europe

44. Concluding remarks
The operational phase of Galileo will be the responsibility of a concession contractor under a private finance initiative arrangement with the Galileo Supervisory Authority
two short-listed bidders now merged
Inmarsat is the UK shareholder in the resulting consortium
UK industry roles in the exploitation aspects of Galileo include:
Helios/NPL/Thales: time service provider
LogicaCMG: location based services
Spirent: signal simulator
Operational date ~2012
Hydrogen Maser clock for Galileo

45. QUESTIONS?