1. Built Infrastructure: Overview and Issues H. Scott Matthews January 29, 2004

2. Recap of Last Lecture  Obsolescence  Measure of loss of utility of system  Planned?  Service Life  Physical - how long til it breaks  Design - how long until we cant use it efficiently

3. Infrastructure Issues  For the various infrastructures we will discuss:  History  Network Layout  Supply and Demand issues  Investments  Rights of Way  Design and Approval Process**  User Cost / Pricing  Let’s start with built infrastructure  Data and figures from 1999/2002 C&P Reports:  http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/1999cpr/report.htm http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/1999cpr/report.htm  http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2002cpr/

4. Ancient US Road History  Late 1800s: rail was king  Bicycles, neglect called for better roads  1904: First inventory, 2.2 million rural  Only 150,000 rural miles ‘surfaced’  1920s: first ‘standards’, e.g. lane widths  1930s: visions - national superhighways  "Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear - United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts."  President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Feb. 22, 1955 President Dwight D. Eisenhower

5. US Highway System  1938: 6 road toll network infeasible (3 North- South, 3 East-West across US)  So eventual solution would need to be ‘free’  War postponed it, continually pushed w/o funds  1954: Eisenhower - suggested 60/40 match  1956: Federal-Aid Highway Act 90/10 spends $25 B in 12 yrs  Gave uniform design standards, must accommodate traffic in 20 years  Could include toll roads  Height and weight limits  1966: All roads 4-lane, no at-grade crossings

6. System (cont.)  National Highway System (1995) - defined as interstates, most arterials (4% of miles, 45% use)  Now generally links all major metropolitan areas in the USA  Statistics  4 million miles of roads  4 trillion passenger miles of vehicle travel  4 trillion ton-miles of freight movement

8. Highway ‘Jurisdiction’  Ownership, not responsibility  May be ‘owned’ locally but gets fed $  75% controlled by local govts  20% controlled by states  5% controlled by federal (US) govt

9. Types of Highways  Arterial - fastest, most throughput 11% of miles, 72% of vehicle-miles  Collectors - ‘collect and distribute’ traffic from arterials to locals 20% miles, 15% vehicle- miles-traveled  Local - basic access to/from buildings 69% miles, 13% VMT  3 trillion VMT, 4 trillion pass-miles-trav (PMT)  i.e. 1.3 passengers per vehicle average overall  Only 40 billion PMT from mass transit

10. Pure Costs  Original idea: fund construction / maintenance with gas tax (not tolls)  1940: 1.5 cents/gallon, now 18.4 cents  PLUS state gas taxes range 7.5 - 31 cents  TEA-21 (fed): 84% on roads, 15% mass transit  During previous (ISTEA), 23% -> deficit reduction  TEA-21: $162 B from 1998-2003 on roads, $36B on mass transit  Other monies come from state gas taxes, user fees and tolls, etc.

11. Congestion Values and Costs  From Texas Transportation Institute