1. Life near the surface 015a

2. Marine life 3 categories: 1.Benthos: bottom dwellers; sponges, crabs 2.Nekton: strong swimmers- whales, fish, squid 3.Plankton: animal/plants that drift in water. The have little control over their movement. Includes: diatoms, dinoflagellates, larvae, jellyfish, bacteria.

3. What physical factors are plankton subject to? 1.Waves 2.Tides 3.Currents

4. Plankton classified by: Size Habitat Taxonomy

5. Size: Picoplankton (.2-2 µm) bacterioplankton Nanoplankton (2 - 20 µm) protozoans Microplankton (20-200 µm) diatoms, eggs, larvae Macroplankton (200-2,000 µm) some eggs, juvenile fish Megaplankton (> 2,000 µm) includes jellyfish, ctenophores, Mola mola

6. Plankton Holoplankton Portuguese Man-O-War

7. Plankton Meroplankton

8. Holoplankton or Meroplankton?

9. Taxonomy Zooplankton Phytoplankton

10. Phytoplankton- restricted to the euphotic zone where light is available for photosynthesis. Blooms: High nutrients Upwelling Seasonal conditions

11. Primary Producers Common Name Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) Red algae Brown algae Green algae Coccolithophorids Dinoflagellates Diatoms Seagrass

12. Crustaceans: Copepods Krill Cladocera Mysids Ostracods Jellies Coelenterates (True jellies, Man-of-wars, By-the- wind-sailors) Ctenophores (comb jellies) Urochordates (salps and larvacea) Worms (Arrow worms, polychaetes) Pteropods (planktonic snails) Some important types of zooplankton

13. Importance of krill in Antarctic food web

14. Chaetognath Copepod Crab larvae jellies

15. Fish larvae Queen Trigger fish Egg to Juv.

16. Oikopleura Jelly-like house Marine snow tunicate

17. Marine Snow

18. Base of Florida Escarpment covered with marine snow. Octocorals attach to steep sides and under ledges to avoid burial. A major component of marine snow is fecal pellets

19. Marine Snow

20. Ocean Productivity

21. Importance of Phytoplankton Phytoplankton population decline causes zooplankton and apex predators to decline. Phytoplankton is the base of the food chain.

22. Regional productivity Photosynthetic productivity varies due to: –Amount of sunlight –Availability of nutrients Thermocline (a layer of rapidly changing temperature) limits nutrient supply Examine three open ocean regions: 1.Polar oceans (>60° latitude) 2.Tropical oceans (<30° latitude) 3.Temperate oceans (30-60° latitude)

23. Productivity in tropical, temperate, and polar oceans Zooplankton

24. Productivity polar oceans

25. Productivity in tropical oceans

26. Productivity in temperate oceans

28. Diurnal vertical migration Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime

29. Plankton Patchiness Zooplankton not distributed uniformly or randomly Aggregated into patches of variable size

30. Causes of Patchiness Aggregations around phytoplankton - If phytoplankton occurs in patches, grazers will be drawn to food - Similar process that led to phytoplankton patches will form zooplankton patches Grazing “holes” Physical process - Langmuir Cells - Internal waves

32. Accumulation of Plankton in Langmuir Cells Buoyant particles and upward- swimming zooplankton will accumulate over downwelling zones

33. Langmuir Cells

35. Internal Waves Underwater waves propagated along the thermocline Generated by overflow over rough topography Much greater amplitude than surface waves

36. Satellite image of internal wave

37. Deep sea scattering layer: Composite echogram of hydroacoustic data showing a distinct krill scattering layer. Black line represents surface tracking of a blue whale feeding patchiness

38. Planktivory

39. Sponges

40. Filter feeding in Aurelia (Moon Jelly) Jellyfish

41. Corals Hermatypic Ahermatypic

42. Bivalves

43. lancet

44. Christmas tree worms

45. Filter feeding in Krill the six thoracopods form a very effective "feeding basket"

46. Barnacle feeding Modified legs

47. Predator Filter feeder Oikopleura tunicate

48. Gill Rakers

49. Includes: manta rays, basking shark, whale shark, megamouth, paddlefish, gizzard shad, menhaden, and bighead carp.

50. Flamingo

51. Manta Ray

52. Paddle fish

53. Basking Shark Gill Arches

54. Gill rakers shed during cold months. May be hibernation

55. Continuous ram feeding

56. Intermittent ram feeders

57. Sling jaw Wrasse http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDU4CQWXaNY

58. Inquiry 1.Why is the open ocean a biological desert? 2.Where are the most productive regions located? 3.Describe productivity in temperate, polar and tropical water. 4.Why does the zooplankton lag behind the phytoplankton? 5.If you want to catch microplankton, what size mesh net do you need? 6.Why does eutrophication sometimes result in mass fish kills?

59. Inquiry 7. Where do plankton aggregate? 8. What is the difference between holoplankton and meroplankton? 9. What is marine snow composed of? 10. What is the connection between the deep sea scattering layer and DVM? 11.Why aren’t phytoplankton found in neuston?

60. Inquiry 12. Describe key characteristics of nocturnal and diurnal planktivorous fish. 13. What types tools do animals use to catch plankton.