1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Chapter 20, part A Antimicrobial Drugs

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antimicrobial Drugs ChemotherapyThe use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugsInterfere with the growth of microbes within a host AntibioticSubstance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe Selective toxicityA drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1928 – Fleming discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium. 1940 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain performed first clinical trials of penicillin. Figure 20.1

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 20.1

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 20.2

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Broad-spectrum Superinfection Bactericidal Bacteriostatic

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Figure 20.2

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Figure 20.4

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Penicillin Natural penicillins Semisynthetic penicillins Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Penicillins Figure 20.6

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Penicillin Penicilinase-resistant penicillins Extended-spectrum penicillins Penicillins +  -lactamase inhibitors Carbapenems Monobactam Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Figure 20.8

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cephalosporins 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th generations more effective against gram-negatives Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Figure 20.9

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polypeptide antibiotics Bacitracin Topical application Against gram-positives Vancomycin Glycopeptide Important "last line" against antibiotic resistant S. aureus Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antimycobacterium antibiotics Isoniazid (INH) Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis Ethambutol Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chloramphenicol Broad spectrum Binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin Broad spectrum Changes shape of 30S subunit Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tetracyclines Broad spectrum Interferes with tRNA attachment Macrolides Gram-positives Binds 50S, prevents translocation Erythromycin Gram-positives Binds 50S, prevents translocation Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Streptogramins Gram-positives Binds 50S subunit, inhibits translation Synercid Gram-positives Binds 50S subunit, inhibits translation Oxazolidinones Linezolid Gram-positives Binds 50S subunit, prevents formation of 70S ribosome Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polymyxin B Topical Combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over- the-counter preparation Antibacterial Antibiotics Injury to the Plasma Membrane

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rifamycin Inhibits RNA synthesis Antituberculosis Quinolones and fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin Inhibits DNA gyrase Urinary tract infections Antibacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) Inhibit folic acid synthesis Broad spectrum Antibacterial Antibiotics Competitive Inhibitors Figure 5.7

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.13