1. Comparing Objects in Java

2. The == operator When you define an object, for instance Person p = new Person("John", 23); we talk about p as if its value were a Person, but it is not-- the value of p is a reference to a Person –The actual data for this Person is stored elsewhere –The value actually in p is a 4-byte pointer to this data When we do assignment, p2 = p, or comparison, p2 == p, we are working with the pointer values When we use dot notation, p.name, we dereference the pointer to get to the actual data values The comparison p == p2 does not test if the data are equal; it tests if the pointers are equal

3. Searching an array of Objects What does it mean to search for an object? –Are you looking for that identical object? If so, == is what you need –Or are you looking for any object that is “equal” according to some other criterion? There are many possible criteria—same name field or id field, all data equal, all elements the same but possibly in a different order, etc. You can use the equals method to search an array of Objects, provided –The operation equals has been defined appropriately equals has been defined for Strings to have the expected meaning –There is also an equalsIgnoreCase method for Strings For almost all other objects, the default meaning of equals is ==

4. Templates In Java you cannot write a search method that works for any type of array To do this, you would need a template facility—a way to write methods that can take parameters of any type –C++ has templates –Templates are likely to be added to a future version of Java Note, however: –We can write a method that works for Object s (because Object has equals defined, even if it just means == ) –Such a method would also work fine for String s (because the String class overrides equals ) We can wrap primitives and put them in an array of Objects

5. Type wrappers For every primitive type, there is a corresponding wrapper class, in java.lang, to easily make an Object from the primitive: –booleanBoolean –byteByte –charCharacter –doubleDouble –floatFloat –intInteger –longLong –shortShort Here is an example: class Integer { private int value; // Constructor Integer(int v) { value = v; } public int intValue() { return value; } } There’s more to the Integer class than this, but this is the most important part

6. Java review: equals The Object class defines public boolean equals(Object obj) For most objects, this just tests identity: whether the two objects are really one and the same This is not generally what you want The String class overrides this method with a method that is more appropriate for Strings The wrapper classes for primitive types also override equals appropriately You can override equals for your own classes –Just write your own equals, defined exactly as above –But there are some rules you should follow if you do

7. Overriding equals If you override equals, your method should have the following properties (for your objects x, y, z ) –Reflexive: for any x, x.equals(x) should return true –Symmetric: for any non-null objects x and y, x.equals(y) should return the same result as y.equals(x) –Transitive: if x.equals(y) and y.equals(z) are true, then x.equals(z) should also be true –Consistent: x.equals(y) should always return the same answer (unless you modify x or y, of course) –For any non-null x, x.equals(null) should return false Java cannot check to make sure you follow these rules

8. About sorted arrays When we just say an array is “sorted,” by default we mean that it is sorted in ascending order: smaller elements come first There is no notion of “smaller” for elements of the Object class, hence: –An array of Object cannot be in sorted order ! –But we can define an ordering for objects that belong to a class we define If we ensure that our array of Objects holds only objects for which we have defined an ordering, then we can sort that array –In addition to equals, we need some notion of “larger” and “smaller”

9. The Comparable interface java.lang provides a Comparable interface with the following method: –public int compareTo(Object that) –This method should return: A negative integer if this is less than that Zero if this equals that A positive integer if this is greater than that You implement an interface like this: class MyObject implements Comparable { public int compareTo(Object that) {...}...other stuff... }

10. Rules for implementing Comparable You must ensure: –x.compareTo(y) and y.compareTo(x) either are both zero, or else one is positive and the other is negative –x.compareTo(y) throws an exception if and only if y.compareTo(x) throws an exception –The relation is transitive: (x.compareTo(y)>0 && y.compareTo(z)>0) implies x.compareTo(z)>0 –if x.compareTo(y)==0, then x.compareTo(z) has the same sign as y.compareTo(z) You should ensure: – compareTo is consistent with equals

11. Consistency with equals compareTo is consistent with equals if: x.compareTo(y)==0 gives the same boolean result as x.equals(y ) Therefore: if you implement Comparable, you really should override equals as well Java doesn’t actually require consistency with equals, but sooner or later you’ll get into trouble if you don’t meet this condition

12. The End