2. Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven.manly@rochester.edu

3. Inquiring minds want to know... Yo! What holds it together?

5. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

6. CDFMinos

7. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

8. Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

9. What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? How do they interact?

12. quarks leptons Gauge bosons u c t d s b e   W, Z, g,  G g Hadrons Baryons qqq qq mesons p = uud n = udd K = us or us  = ud or ud Strong interaction nuclei e atoms Electromagnetic interaction 

13. Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.

14. Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

15. Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

16. Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg

17. Dear Steve, Party relatively hard! -Al The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles  E  t  h Heisenberg E = mc 2 Einstein e-e-

18. e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e-qq qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- qq qq e+e-e+e-e+e-e+e- Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something -R. Kolb

19. qq qq qqq A contribution to mass at the quantum level Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which can make them much heavier than the constituent quark masses.

20. -MSSL astrophysics group

21. BANG! TIME

22. Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

23. At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

24. At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

25. At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

26. t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again

27. Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

28. Strong color field Energy grows with separation !!! E=mc 2 ! “white” proton quark quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum “white” proton (confined quarks) “white”  0 (confined quarks) Quantum Chromodynamics QCD distance energy density, temperature relative strength asymptotic freedom Similar to QED … except the gauge field carries the charge Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation

29. e+e- collisions Heavy ion collisions

30. Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory

31. RHIC BRAHMS PHOBOS PHENIX STAR AGS TANDEMS Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) 1 km v = 0.99995  c = 186,000 miles/sec Thanks to M. Lisa for parts of this slide

32. STAR ~500 Collaborators

33. One collision seen by STAR TPC

34. The PHOBOS Detector 137000 Silicon Pad Channels 1m Spectrometer Octagon Vertex Ring Counters Paddle Trigger Counter Cerenkov Counter Time of Flight

36. Collision region is football shaped

37. Elliptic flow 12 6 3 9 12 3 6 9 12 Number of particles

38. (reaction plane) Flow quantified dN/d(  R ) = N 0 (1 + 2V 1 cos (  R ) + 2V 2 cos (2(  R ) +... )

39. b (reaction plane)

40. Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002) (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta

41. Flow vs P t and  Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high p t and high-  T. Hirano (consider velocity and early, self- quenching asymmetry)

42. Places to learn more: Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm