1. Chapter 4 Graphing Data

2. Why Graph? Provide a means of organizing data Provides an ongoing analysis of the effectiveness of intervention or teaching strategy Serves as vehicles of communication to parents, students, teachers, professionals

3. The simple line graph Abscissa (X) –Show how frequently data were collected Date or Consecutive Sessions Ordinate (Y) –Identifies target behavior and kind of data being reported Number of occurrences of cursing Percentage of occurrences of cursing Rate of cursing Number of intervals of cursing Percentage of intervals of cursing Total amount of duration spent cursing

4. Basic Components of a Line Graph a. Ordinate label e. Continuity break b. Ordinate f. Data point c. Abscissa label g. Abscissa d. Data path Sessions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LABELLABEL A B C D E F G

5. Permanent Product Graphing Student: Catherine Behavior: Writing paragraphs of 20 words given title and topic sentence DateNo. of WordsDateNo. of Words 3/1663/278 3/18143/3014 3/20104/210 3/23104/414 3/25124/715

6. //// // Graphing Event Data 7Wednesday 4////Tuesday 4////Monday 2//Friday 3///Thursday 7Wednesday 1/Tuesday 3///Monday TotalInstancesDays Student: Michael Behavior: Calling out without raising hand Observation Period: 10:20 – 11:00 (whole class activity)

7. Computing Rate A rate of correct responding is computed by dividing the correct responses by the time taken for responding: # correct Correct Time = Time Computing a rate of error may be done by dividing the number of errors by the time: Errors Rate of Error = Time

8. Graphing Rate Data Student: Steven Behavior: Packet Assembly Observation Period: Vocational training at Red Cross DayNumber Completed Amount of Time Rate per Minute Monday4530’1.5 Wednesday4025’1.6 Friday4525’1.8 Tuesday4020’2.0 Thursday5025’2.0 Monday4820’2.4 Wednesday54202.7

9. 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 Graphing Interval Data Student: Oliver Behavior: Out-of-Seat (S-Seat) Observation Period: 5 minutes (first 5 minutes of center time) -SSS--S-----SSS SSSS-S----S---- ----SS-S-----SS S-SS-SS---SS-S- -S---S-S--SSS--

10. Graphing Duration Data Student: Casey Behavior: Time Spent Toileting Mon12 min 8 min 7 min AVG = 9 minThurs14 min 10 min 12 min AVG= 12 min Tues11 min 16 min 9 min AVG = 12 minFri9 min 11 min 10 min AVG = 10 min Wed15 min 10 min 8 min AVG = 11 min

11. Graphing Latency Data Student: Deanne Behavior: Delay beginning morning writing assignment Observation Period: Each morning at 8:45 DayNumber of minutesComments Monday6Pencil sharpening Tuesday5Roaming Wednesday6Pencil sharpening Thursday2Chatting Friday4chatting

12. Summary of Data Conversion Process Type of Recording Data Conversion Permanent Product* Report number of occurrences if both time and opportunities to respond are constant Event* Report percentageif time is constant (or not of concern) and opportunities vary. * Report rateif both time (which is of concern) and opportunities vary, OR if time varies and opportunities are constant. Interval* Report number of intervalsif constant Time Sampling* Report percentage of intervals during or at the end of which behavior occurred. Duration* Report number of seconds/minutes/hours for which the behavior occurred. Latency* Report number of seconds/minutes/hours between antecedent stimulus and onset of behavior.