1. Lightning Detector Michael Bloem December 5, 2002 Engr 311

2. The Circuit The purpose of the circuit is to set off an LED when there is a lightning strike in the area (even if too far away to be seen) This will indicate the proximity and intensity of a storm

3. Circuit Operation: Input Stage A lightning strike is approximated by a small voltage pulse The circled part of the circuit is resonant at 300 kHz, so that is the frequency passed through the circuit

4. Circuit Operation: Input Stage This is the Fourier transform of the pulse current input and the input to the base of the first transistor Note that the pulse has components at all frequencies Also note that the input stage of the circuit picks out the 300 kHz part and sends it to the circuit

5. Circuit Operation: Input Stage The first transistor provides amplification of the signal before it is sent to the flasher part of the circuit

6. Circuit Operation: Flasher The second transistor is biased by adjustment of the variable resistor so that it doesn’t allow current to flow until a radio burst pulls the base down

7. Circuit Operation: Flasher Once the second transistor’s base is pulled down, it turns full on and current flows as shown by the red arrows This sends a relatively strong current to the third transistor This current flows until the capacitor discharges to ground Then, the current from the diode flows to the capacitor to charge it again to be ready for the next pulse (green arrows)

8. Circuit Operation: Flasher The third transistor should amplify the current and send it on to the LED driver

9. Circuit Operation: LED Driver The LED driver sends a current pulse to the LED, lighting it up.

10. Circuit Simulation Output To simulate a lightning strike in Cadence, I just used a small (.01 V) and short (2.5us) voltage pulse. Why the output is good: it does create a current pulse that starts when the lightning strike occurs and then goes away Why the output is bad: Sinusoidal response- the capacitor should discharge fast enough so that it is just a pulse Too small of a current to set off an LED

11. Physical Implementation I have found all the parts for this circuit and put them together on a breadboard Testing To approximate a lightning strike Van de Graaf machine Square wave from function generator Result of testing Essentially the same results as from Cadence- the current that ends up at the LED is too small

12. Problems Opportunities for Improvement Get enough current to light up the LED Change the biasing of the amplifying transistors (2 nd and 3 rd transistors) so they actually amplify Add my own amplification component at the output Opamp or transistor Get the current to be a single pulse rather than a sinusoid Play with the capacitor value Not as important- still get an LED flash with the sinusoid