1. Fundamental data types Horstmann Chapter 4

2. Constants Variables change, constants don't final = ; final double PI = 3.14159; … areaOfCircle = radius * radius * PI;

3. Representing numbers Given 3 bits, what numbers can you represent? 111 110 101 100 000 001 010 011 7654012376540123 -4 -3 -2 0 1 2 3 unsigned: Range 0…2 3 -1 (= 0…7) signed: -2 2 …2 2 -1 At base, everything in a computer is stored by bits of memory, which can be either on or off (1 or 0). 2 2 *1 + 2 1 *1+ 2 0 *1= 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 2 2 *1 + 2 1 *1+ 2 0 *0= 4 + 2 + 0 = 6 2 2 *1 + 2 1 *0+ 2 0 *1= 4 + 0 + 1 = 5

4. Numerical data types: integers Name Range Size int -2 31 … 2 31 -1 32 bits (signed) byte -2 7 … 2 7 -1 8 bits (signed) short -2 15 … 2 15 -1 16 bits (signed) We can write big numbers using scientific notation: byte variables can fit numbers from –128 to 127 short variables can fit numbers from –32768 to 32767 int variables can fit numbers from –2147483648 to 2147483647 long -2 63 … 2 63 -1 64 bits (signed) 2147483647 ~ 2.15e+9 ~ 2.15*10 9 long variables can fit ~2.15e+9 times as many numbers as ints

5. Numerical data types: reals float and double are used to store real numbers: numbers with a (possibly unending!) sequence of decimals; for example, pi: double -1.7e308 … 1.7e308 64 (14…15 digits acc.) float -3.4e38 … 3.4e38 32 (6..7 digits accuracy) 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937 5106… float and double can only store a certain number of decimal digits: they can’t store them all! float pi = 3.141593; \\ the last 3 is a rounding up double pi = 3.1415926535897932 \\the 2 is rounding down

6. What do these mean? int -2 31 … 2 31 -1 32 bits (signed) short -2 15 … 2 15 -1 16 bits (signed) 2 15 = ( 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 ) = 32,768 How much bigger is 2 31 than 2 15 ?2 16 times bigger 2 31 = 2,147,483,648 float -3.4e38 … 3.4e38 32 bits (signed) 3.4e38 means 3.4 x 10 38 (scientific notation) To compare, 2,147,483,648 ~=2.1 x 10 9

7. Numerical Operators +,-,/,*,% int i1 = 34 + 1; // i1 becomes 35 double d1 = 34.0 - 0.1; // d1 becomes 33.9 double d2 = 1.0/2.0; // d1 becomes 0.5 int i2 = 1/2; // i1 is 0!!!!! byte i3 = 1/2; // same for all integer types byte i4 = 20%3; // modulus operator. i4 is 2

8. Literals A basic data type value which appears directly is a literal int i = 34; // 34 is a literal. double d = 5.0; // 5.0 is a literal, /* floating point values are taken to be doubles until proven otherwise*/ float myFloat = 5.0f; // f means make this a float float myDouble = 5.0d; // d means make it a double!!

9. Shortcut Operators Some operations are so common, we have a shorthand. The following are equivalent: i = i + 1;i += 1; d = d - 1.0;d -= 1.0; f /= 2.0;f = f / 2.0; i++; d--;

10. Fundamental Data Types byte, short, int, long float, double char boolean Are all fundamental data types. Fundamental data types always start with a small letter. } Variables of fundamental data types are just boxes in memory. Java gives us simple operations (like +, -, *, / etc) for doing things with fundamental data types.

11. “Reference” data types String is not a primitive data type. String is a “reference” data type (it starts with a capital letter). Reference data types refer to (contain) a number of primitive elements combined together. For example, in String myName = “fintan”; The variable myName contains 6 char objects: the char s: ‘f’ ‘i’ ‘n’ ‘t’ ‘a’ ‘n’ Reference data types are very different from primitive types. They are not just boxes: they are Object s containing both data and methods (commands) for doing things with that data.

12. Converting String s to numbers We often want to convert a string into a number. One common situation is if the string has been entered by the user in a JOptionPane, for example. To convert Strings to some fundamental number type, we use conversion methods in a “Reference” datatype: String s = “10.123”; double d; d = Double.parseDouble(s); Note the capital letter in the “reference” data type After this, the variable d contains the double 10.123 parseDouble is a method that converts (parses) a string into a double. It’s stored in the Double reference type.

13. Converting numbers to Strings Similarly, to convert numbers to Strings, we also use conversion methods in a reference type. int i = 10; String anIntString = Integer.toString(i); This converts the value 10 in the int i into the string “10” and puts in in a String variable. Integer holds methods for converting int s to String s. Note the capital letter!!! And the variable i as an argument. Primitive type Reference type holding methods intInteger floatFloat doubleDouble Reference types always start with capital letters

14. String conversion summary String s1 = “2”; String s2 = “10.123”; int i; float f; double d; i = Integer.parseInt(s1); f = Float.parseFloat(s2); d = Double.parseDouble(s2); s1 = Integer.toString(i); s2 = Float.toString(f); s2 = Double.toString(d); Strings to numbers: note String variables as arguments } Numbers back to strings: note number variables as arguments }

15. Converting between fundamental types Number range hierarchy: double > float > int Assigning smaller range variable to larger range variable is ok: int i = 5; float f = i; // ok double d = f; // also ok These conversion methods are used for converting Strings to fundamental data types such as int, double etc. For converting between fundamental types, things are simpler.

16. Type conversion 2 To assign a larger range value to a smaller variable, use a type cast. This tells the computer to “squeeze” the value into the variable. Caution is always required! You may lose information because you may be putting a big number into a too-small box. float fl = (float)10.1; // double to float. ok. int i = (int)fl; // i now has the value 10! int i2 = 1000; // ok byte b = (byte)i2; // very bad idea!!!!

17. Casting to integers..... REMEMBER! = loses all information after the decimal point. int i = (int)4.1; // i is now 4 double d = -2.5; i = (int)d; // i is now -2 The Math.round() method can be used to round double numbers to the nearest integer. Look up Math.round() in the API

18. Character data type type char holds a single character: char c1 = 'A'; char c2 = '7'; char c3 = '\u0041'; // unicode for A Characters map onto numbers: int code = (int)'A'; Write a program to investigate characters and integers....

19. Special characters char c1 = '\n'; // new line char c2 = '\t'; // tab stop char c3 = '\"'; // double quote More often, we use strings: String s1 = "Hello world"; String s2 = "I said \"Hello world\"\n";

20. The boolean data type A variable of type int can have 2 32 different values A variable of type boolean can have 2 different values: boolean b = true;....... b = false; More on booleans when we consider "if-statements"