1. Higher education of ocean science in China Wensheng Jiang Ocean University of China COSEE-China Planning Workshop March 8-9, 2010, Beijing, China

2. Outline: Brief history Brief history Framework of majors and disciplines Framework of majors and disciplines Curriculum provision Curriculum provision Present status Present status Summary Summary

3. 1. Brief History Early stage Early stage 6 Naval Schools (from 1866) in Qing dynasty ‘ ABC of Oceanography ’ 1929 by Prof. Yiya Wang Summer school held in Xiamen University in 1920s. Course of ocean science taught in Qingdao University in 1932.

4. Ocean science as a major Ocean science as a major Department of Oceanography Xiamen University Institute of Oceanography Shandong University 1946 1952 1959 1970 1975 Department of Oceanography Shandong University Oceanography education Xiamen University Department of Oceanography Xiamen University Shandong College of Oceanography Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics Tongji University

5. Rapid development era Rapid development era After late 1990s, because of the economic progress, ocean related high education developed very rapidly in China. More than 40 institutions provide degree programs in oceanography. Most of them are in coastal cities.

6. 2. Framework of majors and disciplines Lists of disciplines issued by academic degree office of the State Council Lists of disciplines issued by academic degree office of the State Council 0707 ocean science 0707 ocean science 070701 physical oceanography 070701 physical oceanography 070702 marine chemistry 070702 marine chemistry 070703 marine biology 070703 marine biology 070704 marine geology 070704 marine geology

7. List of majors approved by MOE List of majors approved by MOE 0710 Marine Science 071001 marine science 071001 marine science 071002 marine technology 071002 marine technology 071003W marine management 071003W marine management 071004W military oceanography 071004W military oceanography 071005S marine biological resources and environment 071005S marine biological resources and environment

8. 3. Curriculum provision An example for bachelor degree program in ocean science An example for bachelor degree program in ocean science common basic courses （ 58 ） : Moral lessons, Foreign language, computer, PE, art. Moral lessons, Foreign language, computer, PE, art. common courses for marine sciences major （ 42 ～ 44 ） : Introduction of Oceanography, marine investigation, advanced mathematics, college physics, college chemistry, introduction to marine biology, introduction to marine geology, introduction to marine ecosystem, introduction to marine management. Introduction of Oceanography, marine investigation, advanced mathematics, college physics, college chemistry, introduction to marine biology, introduction to marine geology, introduction to marine ecosystem, introduction to marine management. compulsory courses for different branches （ 22 ～ 26 ） : method of mathematical physics, fluid dynamics, physical oceanography, marine meteorology, analysis and forecast of marine variables method of mathematical physics, fluid dynamics, physical oceanography, marine meteorology, analysis and forecast of marine variables optional courses(12): Other courses for practise(12):

9. 理论 现场观测 数值实验 practise theory Physical modelling Field observation Numerical experiment

11. 4. Present status More than 30 universities provide bachelor degree programs in oceanography. Four institutions provide doctoral programs in all sub-disciplines under ocean sciences, they are OUC, XMU, IOCAS and TJU. Seven institutions provide doctoral programs in some sub-disciplines. Totally 25 doctoral programs. 51 master degree programs.

12. Students enrollment Students enrollment Undergraduate students about 2000/yr Undergraduate students about 2000/yr Master degree students about 400/yr Master degree students about 400/yr Ph. D. candidates about 150/yr Ph. D. candidates about 150/yr Job opportunity: Job opportunity: Government: SOA, etc. Government: SOA, etc. Research and education: Research and education: Company: Company: Other: Other:

13. 5. Summary Higher education of ocean sciences in China is booming, but the scope is still limited. Yet there is mismatch between the students and positions available. Higher education of ocean sciences in China is booming, but the scope is still limited. Yet there is mismatch between the students and positions available. Orientation is important for every university and the quality of ocean sciences education should be further improved. Orientation is important for every university and the quality of ocean sciences education should be further improved.