1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Health, Stress, and Coping “Look to your health and if you have it value it next to a good conscience; for health is a blessing we mortals are capable of.” — Izaak Walton The Compleat Angler, 1653 “Look to your health and if you have it value it next to a good conscience; for health is a blessing we mortals are capable of.” — Izaak Walton The Compleat Angler, 1653

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 A Critical Juncture in Health Many behaviors linked to poor health habits and early death in adults begin during adolescence Adolescents reach a level of health, strength, and energy that they will never match during the rest of their lives

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 A Critical Juncture in Health Reduce health compromising behavior: –Drug abuse –Violence –Unprotected sexual intercourse –Dangerous driving Increase health enhancing behavior: –Exercising –Eating nutritiously –Wearing seat belts –Getting adequate sleep

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Risk-Taking Behavior Adolescents like intensity, excitement and arousal Parents, teachers, and mentors should effectively monitor adolescent’s behavior Adolescents are vulnerable when their inclination to engage in risk-taking behavior combines with a lack of self- regulatory skills

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Health Services Adolescents see private physicians less often than any other age group Chief barriers to better health care: –Cost –Poor organization and availability of services –Lack of confidentiality

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Leading Causes of Death Leading Causes of Death in Adolescents and Emerging Adults Fig. 15.1

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Leading Causes of Death More than half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years are due to accidents –3/4 involving motor vehicles –Speeding, tailgating and driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs may be more important contributors than lack of driving experience

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Nutrition Males have higher energy needs than females Basal metabolism rate (BMR) is the minimum amount of energy an individual uses in a resting state

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Nutrition Basal Metabolic Rates (BMRs) for Females and Males, 11 to 25 Years of Age Fig. 15.2

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Obesity 14% of 12- to 19-year-olds At or above 95th percentile of body mass index Ethnic variations –African American girls –Latino boys 80% of obese adolescents become obese adults

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Obesity Few cross-cultural comparisons –U.S. children and adolescents higher rate of obesity compared to China and Russia Factors involved in obesity –Heredity –Environment

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Obesity Percentage of Overweight U.S. Adolescent Boys and Girls in Different Ethnic Groups Fig. 15.4

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa: –Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation Bulimia nervosa: –In this eating disorder, the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Anorexia Nervosa Refuse/unable to maintain 85 % of expected weight for frame, height Intense fear of gaining weight, though underweight Distorted perception of weight or body shape Most are White adolescent or young adult females

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Like anorexics: preoccupied with food, have strong fear of becoming overweight, and are depressed or anxious Unlike anorexics: this occurs within a normal weight range, often difficult to detect Bulimia Nervosa

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Exercise Adolescents do not get enough exercise –Some experts blame television for the lack of exercise 40 to 70 percent of American youths participate in various organized sports –Pressure by parents and coaches to win at all costs

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Sleep Sleep deficit: –Adolescents get less than 9 hours of sleep during the week –Early school starting times may cause grogginess, inattention in class and poor performance on tests

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Stress General adaptation syndrome (GAS): –Alarm –Resistance –Exhaustion

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Stress Sources of stress –Life events and daily hassles –Sociocultural factors –Gender –Acculturative stress –Poverty

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Coping Problem focused coping Emotion focused coping Thinking positively Support

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Taking it to the Net For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11