1. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 11 Measuring Voltage and Current d’Arsenval analog meter movement

2. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 12 Analog Ammeter Use a d’Arsenval meter movement with a parallel resistor (shunt). The parallel resistor diverts some of the current away from the meter movement.

3. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 13 Analog Voltmeter Use a d’Arsenval meter movement in series with a resistor (multiplier). The resistor limits the voltage drop across the meter movement.

4. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 14 Sources of Error Any instrument (meter) used to make measurements extracts energy from the circuit. (Known as “loading” the circuit). The amount of error due to loading depends on the effective resistance of the instrument compared with the resistance in the circuit.

5. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 15 Rule of the “one-tenth” The effective resistance of the ammeter should be no more than 1/10 th of the value of the smallest resistance in the circuit. –The current being measured should be the same with or without the ammeter.

6. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 16 For a Voltmeter Since voltage is a parallel measurement, the “loading” effect is minimized when the voltmeter resistance is much higher than the circuit resistance across which the measurement is being made.

7. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 17 Ammeter Example A 50 mV, 1 mA d’Arsonval movement is to be used in an ammeter with a full-scale reading of 1 A. Determine R A. (Movement resistance is equal to (50 mV/1 mA) = 50Ω)

8. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 18 Solution 999 mA 1 mA

9. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 19 Ammeter Example continued How much resistance is added to the circuit when the meter is inserted to measure current?

10. ECE 201 Circuit Theory 110 1A + 50 mV - 50/999 Ω 50 Ω