1. 1 Global Environmental Regimes: An Overview Presentation on Occasion of the Staff Education Program of GTZ Gustav-Streseman-Institute, Bonn 20 August 2002 Detlef Sprinz PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research & University of Potsdam http://www.sprinz.org

2. 2 Overview z“Modern” Global Environmental Regimes zDimensions of Comparison zConclusions

3. 3 “Modern” Global Environmental Regimes z(Mostly) Global Environmental Regimes Since the 1990s (> 1992 UNCED Conference at Rio de Janeiro) yclimate change ystratospheric ozone depletion (from 1980s) ybiodiversity ydeforestation ydesertification ypersistent organic pollutants (global)

4. 4 Overview of Agreements & Institut. Design (1) Climate Change Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Legally binding agreement s Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), Kyoto Protocol (1997, did not yet enter into force) Vienna Convention (1985), Montreal Protocol (1987) and amendments Major institutions COP & MOP (Kyoto Protocol), Secretariat (Bonn, Germany), SBI, SBSTA, Financial Mechanism (GEF) COP & MOP, Secretariat (UNEP, Nairobi), Multilateral Fund (MLF), various panels

5. 5 Loss of Biodiversity Deforestation Legally binding agreement s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000, not yet in force) International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA, 1993), Forest Principles (1992, not legally binding) Major institutions COP & MOP (Cartagena Protocol), Secretariat (Montreal, Canada), SBSTTA, Clearing House Mechanism, Financial Mechanism (GEF) Intergov. Panel on Forests (IPF, abandoned in 1997), Intergov. Forum on Forests (IFF, now UNFF), ITTO, TFAP, UNFF Overview of Agreements & Institut. Design (2)

6. 6 Desertification Persistent Organic Pollutants Legally binding agreement s Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD, 1994); various region- specific annexes LRTAP POPs Protocol (Europe and North America, 1998), Stockholm POPs Convention (2001, not yet in force) Major institutions COP, Secretariat (Bonn, Germany), Committee on Science and Technology (CST), Global Mechanism (IFAD), new Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC) INC, Criteria Expert Group as subsidiary body to INC; global convention stipulates: COP, Secretariat, Subsidiary Body, POPs Review Committee, Interim Finamcial Mechanism (GEF) Overview of Agreements & Institut. Design (3)

7. 7 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Decision Making (1) FCCC & Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol Biodiversity (CBD) Failed to arrive at rules of procedure; unanimous voting in most cases; in practice: exceptions from consensus if number of opposing countries is small and does not include a major country Strong voting mechanism: adjustments (without need for national ratification) to already controlled substances by 2/3 majorities, plus majorities of DC & IC; for the addition of new substances: 2/3 of the parties; decisions on financial mechanism: 2/3 majorities plus majorities of DC & IC Failed to arrive at rules of procedure; amendments to the convention require consensus or two- thirds if consensus fails; annexes require two-thirds majority decisions

8. 8 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Decision Making (2) Desertification (CCD) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP Convention) Failed to arrive at rules of procedure; simple majority only for procedural decisions; amendments to the convention: two-thirds majority; parties that do not approve the amendment will not be affected by the amendment COP-decisions require two- thirds majority; amendments to the convention require three- fourths majority

9. 9 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Reporting & Compliance (1) FCCC & Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol Biodiversity (CBD) Regular reporting on efforts to achieve the objectives of the convention; non- compliance procedure for Kyoto Protocol agreed (30% penalty) Yearly reports on production, exports, and imports; strong implementation review; soft and hard noncompliance procedures, including sanctions for illegal trade and threat of terminating funding Reports on measures to implement provisions of the convention; only general rules on arbitration, conciliation, and compliance (Cartagena Protocol); extensive information provision (Cartagena Protocol); clearing house mechanism

10. 10 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Reporting & Compliance (2) Desertification (CCD) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP Convention) Reports on measures to implement provisions of the convention; countries affected by desertification have to provide a detailed description of the implementation of the convention, including the implementation of national action programs (NAPs); only general rules on arbitration and conciliation; new Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC) Will report on measures to implement provisions of the convention; COP shall decide on a non-compliance procedure

11. 11 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Development Component (1) FCCC & Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol Biodiversity (CBD) Common but differen- tiated responsibilities; no targets and time- tables for developing countries within the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol; CDM designed to reward developing countries for emission reductions and provide access to technology Different reduction schedules for developing countries; MLF finances incremental project costs of developing countries; preservation of the ozone layer mainly perceived by developing countries as an interest of the North; considerable bargaining power of developing countries Industrialized countries aim at protecting and preserving biodiversity; developing countries want to protect their right to exploit their own genetic resources

12. 12 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Development Component (2) Desertification (CCD) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP Convention) Scale of environmental problem mostly local but with global effects for climate change; developing countries demand financial assistance from industrialized countries; strongly connected with development goals due to socioeconomic causes of desertification Developed countries shall provide new and additional financial resources to developing countries as well as economies in transition to meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing measures; developing countries won the right to produce and use DDT to fight vector-borne diseases

13. 13 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Funding & Regime Effect (1) FCCC & Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol Biodiversity (CBD) Funding: Global Environmental Facility Funding: Multilateral Ozone Fund Funding: Global Environmental Facility Regime effectiveness: Some effect Regime effectiveness: Major effect Regime effectiveness: Minor effect

14. 14 Comparing Global Environmental Accords: Funding & Regime Effect (2) Desertification (CCD) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP Convention) Funding: Global Mechanism hosted by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (temporary solution) Funding: Interim Financial Mechanism to be provided by the Global Environmental Facility Regime effectiveness: Minor effect Regime effectiveness: Not yet in force

15. 15 Conclusions zNot All Conventions or Protocols Have Yet Entered Into Force zBroad Similarity in Institutional Setup Across Global Environmental Regimes zDevelopment Component Clearly Visible zRules of Procedure Are Contentious zSubstantial Variation in Regime Effectiveness

16. 16 Where to Find More zFull text: Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz (eds., 2001):"International Relations and Global Climate Change," Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 247-277 zFurther Information & Update: dsprinz@pik-potsdam.de http://www.sprinz.org