1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHM 207
CHAPTER 9:
AMINES
NOR AKMALAZURA JANI

2. Classification of amines:
- organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
Functional group:
Classification of amines:
Primary amine
Secondary amine
Tertiary amine
                              

3. Primary (1o) amine: one alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen atom.
Secondary (2o) amine: two alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen atom.
Tertiary (3o) amine: three alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen atom.
Quaternary (4o) amine: an ion in which nitrogen is bonded to four alkyl or aryl groups and bears a positive charge

4. NAMING AMINES Common names:
- formed from the names of the alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen, followed by the suffix –amine.
- the prefixes di-, tri-, and tetra- are used to decribe two, three or four identical substituents.

5. IUPAC names:
- similar to that alcohols.
- the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determine the root name.
- the –e in alkane name is changed to –amine, and a number shows the position of the amino group along the chain.
- other substituents on the carbon chain are given numbers, and the prefix N- is used for each substituent on nitrogen.

6. The prefix ‘amino’ is used to indicate the presence of an –NH2 group in a molecule containing than one functional group.
For example,

7. NAMING AROMATIC PRIMARY AMINES
Aromatic amines have an amine group (-NH2) attached directly to the aromatic ring.
Aromatic amines known as arylamines.
Examples,

8. Compounds with two –NH2 groups are named by adding the suffix ‘diamine’ to the name of the corresponding alkane or aromatic compounds.

9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINES
Boiling points:
- the boiling points of amines is increase with increasing relative molecular mass.
- the lower aliphatic amines are gases or low-boiling liquids.
- amines are polar compounds and both primary and secondary amines associate by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen bonding

10. * Comparing the boiling points of 1o, 2o and 3o amines
- for isomeric amines, the boiling points decreases in the order,
1° amine > 2° amine > 3° amine
- reason: decrease in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
- example,

11. * Comparing the boiling points of amines with other organic compounds
- the boiling points of aliphatic amines are higher than those of alkanes or haloalkanes of similar relative molecular mass due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
- the N-H bond is more polar than the C-H bond but less polar than O-H bond. Hydrogen bonding in amines are weaker than that of alcohols or carboxylic acids. Boiling points of amines are lower than those corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids.
Comparison of boiling points of some organic compounds with similar molecular weight
alkane < ether < alkyl halide < amine < ketone, aldehyde < alcohol < acid

12. Solubilities of 1o, 2o and 3o amines:
- all three classes of aliphatic amines are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
- the lower amines (with chain length up to four carbon atoms per molecule) are very soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
- the solubilities of amines is decrease with increasing number of carbon atoms in the chain.
- amines are soluble in organic solvents.

13. THE BASICITY OF AMINES Amines can act as:
- a nucleophile (a Lewis base) because its lone pair none bonding electrons can form a bond with an electrophile.
- a Brønsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton from a proton acid.

14. Amines are fairly strong base and their aqueous solutions are basic.
An amine can abstract a proton from water, giving an ammonium ion and a hydroxide ion.
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is called base-dissociation constant, symbolized by Kb.
Kb = [RNH3+] [-OH]
pKb = - log 10 Kb
[RNH2]
Stronger base have smaller values of pKb

15. The basicity of the amines depends on the ability of the lone pair none bonding electrons at nitrogen atom to form bond with an acid.
The more easier the lone pair electrons formed bond with the acid, will make the amines a stronger base.
Factors that effect the basicity of the amines:
i) substitution by alkyl groups
- the presence of alkyl groups (electron-donating group) such as (CH3-) and (CH3CH2-) will make the amine become more basic.
- for example, methylamine is more basic than ammonia.
ii) substitution by electron-withdrawing groups
- the presence of electron-withdrawing groups or atom will decrease the basicity.
- for example, nitroaniline is less basic than aniline

16. Basicity of aromatic amines
* Aromatic amines is less basic than aliphatic amines and ammonia.
* Reason:
- the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalised into the benzene ring.
- As a result, the lone pair of electrons is less available for donation to an acid.
- The reaction is shifted toward the left and makes aniline a weaker base than ammonia or aliphatic amines.

17. REACTIONS OF AMINES Salt formation Reaction with nitrous acid
Amide formation
Ring halogenation of phenylamine

18. Salt formation Reaction of amines and acid will give amine salt.
- composed of two types of ions:
i) the protonated amine cation (an ammonium ion)
ii) anion derived from the acid
Amine salts are ionic, have higher melting points, nonvolatile solids, more soluble in water than the parent amines and slightly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.

19. EXAMPLES:

20. Reaction with nitrous acid
Nitrous acid (HNO2) is unstable and is prepared in situ by the reaction of dilute HCl or dilute H2SO4 with sodium nitrite in the absence of heat.
NaNO2 (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + O=N-OH (aq)
nitrous acid
Nitrous acid can be used to differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines.

21. Primary aliphatic amines
When aliphatic primary amines react with HNO2, nitrogen is evolved rapidly and an alcohol is produced.
RNH2 + O=N-OH → R-OH + H2O + N2 (g)
For example, ethylamine gives nitrogen and a mixture of ethanol (60%), ethene and other products.
C2H5NH2 + O=N-OH → C2H5-OH + H2O + N2 (g) + other products
The reaction of propylamine with HNO2 produces nitrogen and a mixture of 1-propanol (7%), 2-propanol (32%) and propene (28%).
The reaction of methylamine with HNO2 produces only a little methanol, and the main products are methoxymethane and nitrogen.

22. Secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines
Aliphatic secondary amines react with HNO2 at room temperature to form nitrosoamines / nitrosamines (yellow oils).
R2N-H + HO-N=O → R2N-N=O + H2O
nitrosoamine
Example,

23. Tertiary aliphatic amines Primary aromatic amines
A tertiary aliphatic amines react with HNO2 will produced ammonium salts which is dissolve readily in water as a clear solution.
R3N + HNO2 → [R3NH]+NO2- (aq)
Primary aromatic amines
A primary aromatic amines react with cold HNO2 and dissolved in dilute HCl at 0-5oC will produced diazonium salt. When this cold salts heated at room temperature, nitrogen gas will evolved.

24. Tertiary aromatic amines
Tertiary aromatic amines reacts with nitrous acid by undergoing substitution at the para position of the benzene ring to form nitrosoaniline which is a yellow precipitate.

25. Amide formation Reaction with acyl chlorides
Primary and secondary amines are acylated at room temperature by acyl chlorides to form N-substituted amides.
RNH2 + CH3COCl → RNHCOCH3 + HCl
R2NH + CH3COCl → R2NCOCH3 + HCl
Tertiary amines are NOT acylated because they do not have hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.

26. Examples:

27. ii) Reaction with acid anhydrides
Primary and secondary amines are readily acylated by acid anhydrides to yield the corresponding N-alkyl or N-aryl amides.
For example,

28. Ring halogenation of phenylamine
When bromine water is added to phenylamine (aniline) at room temperature, decolorisation of the bromine water occurs and a white precipitate of 2,4-6-tribromoaniline (C6H4Br3N) is obtained.
This reaction is used as a test for aniline.

29. USES OF AMINES SYNTHESIS OF NYLON
Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acids, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptides biopolymers.
General reactions:
Nylon
Dicarboxylic acids
Diamines

30. Basic concepts of nylon production
The first approach:
combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine (NH2) groups on each end.
Form nylon 6,6, made of hexamethylene diamine with six carbon atoms and acidipic acid, as well as six carbon atoms.
The second approach:
a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units of (-NH-[CH2]n-CO-)x.
Form nylon 6, made from a single six-carbon substance called caprolactam.

31. SYNTHESIS OF DYE
Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the manufacture of azo dyes.
Azo compounds:
- compounds bearing the functional group R-N=N-R', in which
R and R' can be either aryl or alkyl.
- N=N group is called an azo group
- HNNH is called diimide
Aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds, oranges, and yellows
Yellow azo dye

32. Amines react with nitric(III) acid to form diazonium salt, which can undergo coupling reaction to form azo compound.
Azo-compounds are highly coloured, they are widely used in dyeing industries, such as:
i) Methyl orange
ii) Direct brown 138
iii)Sunset yellow FCF
iv)Ponceau

33. Uses and important of azo dye
Methyl orange - used as acid-base indicators due to the different colors of their acid and salt forms
Artist’s paints – clays, yellow to red range
Dye in food and textiles

34. EXAMPLES OF AZO DYES USED IN FOOD
E102: Tartrazine
                                    
E107 : Yellow 2G
                                                               
E110 : Sunset Yellow
                                      
E122 : Azorubine
EXAMPLES OF AZO DYES USED IN FOOD

35. E123 : Amaranth
                                      
E124 : Ponceau 4R
                              
E129 : Allura Red
                           
E151 : Brilliant Black