1. Aircraft Motion and Control

2. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

3. Lesson Overview
The axes of rotation and how the primary flight controls work
The effects of flaps on flight
The effects of slats on flight
The effects of spoilers on flight
The elements of controlled flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

4. Quick Write
Colonel Lowe had the training, the experience, and the ability to stay calm in the middle of chaos. He used these qualities to rescue others. What are some ways you can develop those qualities in yourself? (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Courtesy of USAF/Don Lindsey

5. The Axes of Rotation
An aircraft rotates around its center of gravity, the central point of three- dimensional coordinate system
Yaw axis (vertical axis) starts at the center of gravity and runs perpendicular to wings
Pitch axis (lateral axis) starts at the center of gravity and runs from wingtip to wingtip
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

6. The Axes of Rotation, cont.
Roll axis (longitudinal axis) begins at the center of gravity, is perpendicular to the yaw and pitch axes, and runs from nose to tail
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

7. How the Primary Flight Controls Work
Pilot works with control surfaces to direct aircraft yaw, pitch, and roll
Rudders control yaw or side- to-side motion of aircraft
Elevators control pitch or up and down motion of aircraft
Aileron is a small hinged section on the outboard portion of a wing
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from NASA/Virtual Skies

8. Activity 1: The Axes of Rotation
View animations on aircraft yaw motion, pitch motion, and roll motion
Fill in the blanks for each airplane’s control system and axis of rotation
Illustrate the axes of rotation, the primary control surface, and motion direction on the image provided
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

9. Activity 1—Yaw Motion
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from NASA

10. Activity 1—Pitch Motion
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from NASA

11. Activity 1—Roll Motion
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from NASA

12. The Effects of Flaps on Flight
Aircraft have primary and secondary control systems
Rudders, elevators, and ailerons are primary control surfaces, they make aircraft controllable and safe to fly
Flaps, slats, and spoilers are secondary control systems, they let the pilot maintain more control over aircraft’s performance
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Courtesy of US ARMY/SSgt S. Patrick McCollum

13. Types of Flaps Wing flaps come in four varieties
Plain flap is the simplest; it attaches at the trailing edge of wing, and increases camber and lift when deployed
Split flap is hinged under the wing’s trailing edge and rotates down to help generate lift and increase drag
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

14. Types of Flaps, cont.
Slotted flap sits in a groove carved into the underside of the wing’s trailing edge and generates more lift than plain and split flaps
Fowler flap uses metal tracks to slide backward and pivot down; it increases lift by greater camber and wing area
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

15. The Effects of Slats on Flight
Slats generate more lift; aircraft use four types of slats
Fixed slot doesn’t move or increase wing camber
Movable slats slide along tracks
Leading edge flaps increase lift and wing camber and decrease the size of the nose-down pitch
Leading edge cuffs are slipped onto a wing’s leading edge
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

16. Activity 2: Aircraft Motion and Function
Describe the terms and answer the questions pertaining to aircraft motion and functions in flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

17. The Effects of Spoilers on Flight
Spoilers are small, flat plates that attach to the tops of the wings with hinges
Raising spoilers on both wings slows aircraft in any phase of flight
Raising spoilers on only one wing causes a rolling motion
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from of NASA/Glenn Research Center

18. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 3-5
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

19. Activity 3: Aileron Roll Problems
Make the modifications to airplane as directed on the worksheet
Answer the questions about ailerons, spoilers, flight motion, and control
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

20. The Elements of Controlled Flight—Takeoff
Takeoff begins from a standstill and accelerates to takeoff speed to get into the air
Aircraft weight, wind, and runway slope and conditions determine how long a runway is needed for safe takeoff
Headwinds reduce takeoff distance because they increase the rate of airflow over the wings contributing to lift
Tailwinds increase takeoff distance for the opposite reason
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

21. Climb
Once an aircraft has accelerated to a sufficient takeoff speed, the pilot raises its nose and the plane becomes airborne; the aircraft now enters the climb phase
The pilot raises the flaps and accelerates to climb speed; climbs until reaching the assigned level-off altitude
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

22. Cruise
Aircraft remains at cruising altitude until arriving near the destination airport
Sometimes the aircraft must change altitude because of weather or turbulence
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved.

23. Descent and Landing Aircraft descends from cruising altitude by
decreasing thrust and/or
engaging the secondary
control systems
Once the aircraft decelerates sufficiently, the pilot has to rely on brakes for any continued deceleration
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Courtesy of USAF

24. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 6-7
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

25. Activity 4: Observing Flight Motion and Control
Watch the NASA video
Use the chart to record any observations about aircraft, aircraft movement, axes of rotation, and control systems
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

26. NASA Dryden 2010 Video Highlights Flight Projects
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Courtesy of NASA

27. Summary The axes of rotation and how the primary flight controls work
The effects of flaps on flight
The effects of slats on flight
The effects of spoilers on flight
The elements of controlled flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

28. Review Questions CPS Questions 8-9
Chapter 1, Lesson 4

29. Next…. Done – aircraft motion and control Next – flight power
Chapter 1, Lesson 4
Courtesy of NASA/Jim Ross