1. Memory in FPGAs مرتضي صاحب الزماني

2. Inferring Memory Inferring Memory in XST:  Distributed or block memory? −XST implements small RAM components on distributed resources to achieve better performance. −Small? −The threshold varies depending on: −The device family −memory depth −The total number of memory bits 2

3. Criteria for BRAM inferring  Use RAM Style to override these criteria and force implementation of small RAM and ROM components on Block RAMs. 3

4. RAM Style 4 attribute ram_style: string; … attribute ram_style of {signal_name|entity_name}: {signal|entity} is "{auto|block|distributed|block_power1|block_power2}";

5. RAM Style auto (default):  Looks for the best implementation for each inferred RAM, based on: −Whether the description style allows block RAM implementation (synchronous data read) −Available block RAM resources distributed:  Manually forces to distributed RAM resources block:  Manually forces to block RAM 5

6. RAM Style block_power1:  Minimally impacts performance block_power2:  Provides more significant power reduction.  Can significantly impact area and speed  Use block_power2 if: −Your primary concern is power reduction, and −You are willing to give up some degree of speed and area optimization. 6

7. BRAM Incorporation Three ways to incorporate BRAMs: 1.Instantiate directly using primitives: −Example: RAMB36E1 or RAMB18E1 in Virtex-6 and Virtex-7 −Enables low-level access to all BRAM features 2.CoreGen tool: −to generate a customizable core, such as a FIFO, which includes BRAMs −BRAM contents can be initialized from a file 7

8. BRAM Incorporation Three ways to incorporate BRAMs: 3.RTL inference: −You must follow the synthesis tool coding style −Advantage: code portability to other chips (but not to other tools) 8

9. Modeling RAM in VHDL Single write port Two write ports 9 type ram_type is array (0 to 255) of std_logic_vector (15 downto 0); signal RAM : ram_type; type ram_type is array (0 to 255) of std_logic_vector (15 downto 0); shared variable RAM : ram_type;

10. Modeling RAM in VHDL Write access (single write): 10 use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all signal addr : std_logic_vector(ADDR_WIDTH-1 downto 0); process (clk) begin if rising_edge(clk) then if we = ‘1’ then RAM(conv_integer(addr)) <= di; end if; end process;

11. Modeling RAM in VHDL Write access (two write): 11 use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all process (clk) begin if rising_edge(clk) then if we = ‘1’ then RAM(conv_integer(addr)) := di; end if; end process;  Other forms in: XST User Guide for Virtex-6, Spartan-6, and 7 Series Devices

12. RAM Initialization Example 1: 12 type ram_type is array (0 to 31) of std_logic_vector(19 downto 0); signal RAM : ram_type := ( X"0200A", X"00300", X"08101", X"04000", X"08601", X"0233A", X"00300", X"08602", X"02310", X"0203B", X"08300", X"04002", X"08201", X"00500", X"04001", X"02500", X"00340", X"00241", X"04002", X"08300", X"08201", X"00500", X"08101", X"00602", X"04003", X"0241E", X"00301", X"00102", X"02122", X"02021", X"0030D", X"08201" );

13. RAM Initialization Example 2: 13 type ram_type is array (0 to 127) of std_logic_vector (15 downto 0); signal RAM : ram_type := (others => "0000111100110101"); Example 3: type ram_type is array (255 downto 0) of std_logic_vector (15 downto 0); signal RAM : ram_type:= ( 196 downto 110 => X"B8B8", 100 => X"FEFC" 99 downto 0 => X"8282", others => X"3344");

14. RAM Initialization Example 4:  Read from a file 14 type RamType is array(0 to 127) of bit_vector(31 downto 0); impure function InitRamFromFile (RamFileName : in string) return RamType is FILE RamFile : text is in RamFileName; variable RamFileLine : line; variable RAM : RamType; begin for I in RamType'range loop readline (RamFile, RamFileLine); read (RamFileLine, RAM(I)); end loop; return RAM; end function; signal RAM : RamType := InitRamFromFile("rams_20c.data");

15. Implementing General Logic with BRAM  If you cannot fit the design onto the device, place some of the logic into unused block RAM.  XST does not automatically decide which logic can be placed into block RAM 15

16. Logic on BRAM To implement logic on BRAM 1.Isolate the part of RTL code to be placed into BRAM in a separate block. 2.Apply BRAM_MAP to the block −directly in HDL, or −In Constraint File (XCF) 16 attribute bram_map: string; attribute bram_map of component_name: component is "{yes|no}";

17. Logic on BRAM  The logic must satisfy the following criteria: −All outputs are registered. −The block contains only one level of Registers (Output Registers). −All Output Registers have the same control signals. −The Output Registers have a synchronous reset signal. 17