1. Indoor & Outdoor Air Pollution Student Number: 109109072

2. Overview Health Effects of Air Pollution- Indoor & Outdoor o Disease Burden- Indoor & Outdoor Outdoor Air Pollution o Guidelines, Legislation & Agreements o Precautionary Principle Indoor Air Pollution o Disease Burden o Energy Ladder o Solutions

3. Outdoor Air Pollution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ikahv9ljpBc

4. Health Effects of Air Pollution Lung, nasopharyngeal, Laryngeal CA IHD Low birth weight Adverse pregnancy outcomes

6. Smith,1993

7. EU Legislation The Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (CAFE) Directive was transposed into Irish legislation by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2011 (S.I. No. 180 of 2011).

8. International: Kyoto Protocol 37 industrialized countries and the European Community have committed to reducing their emissions by an average of 5 percent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.

9. The Precautionary Principle

10. Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) Statistics 3 billion people cook and heat their homes burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal. 2 million deaths annually 41 million disability adjusted life years worldwide 2008. 2.7 % global burden of disease 56% of IAP deaths among children under five 1 million people a year die from chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD) due to indoor air pollution Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2-3 times more likely to develop COPD. Kills 1 person every 16 seconds Source: World Health Organisation 2006

11. Disease burden (DALYs) due to indoor air pollution by level of development - 2004 Source: World Health Organisation 2004

12. Indoor Air Pollution- Solutions

13. Energy Ladder Source: World Health Organisation

14. Coming clean: modern fuels, modern stoves UN Sustainable Energy for All 3 objectives to be achieved by 2030 1.Providing universal access to modern energy services. 2.Doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency. 3.Doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

15. References Bruce, N, Perez-Padilla, R & Albalak, R. (2000) The health effects of indoor air pollution exposure in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000, 78:1078–1092. McMichael, A.J (2000)The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalisation: issues for developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 78, 1117- 11126. Smith, K.R (1993) Fuel Combustion Air Pollution, Exposure and Health: the Situation in Developing Countries, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 18: 529-566. Sovacool, B (2012) The Political economy of energy poverty: A review of key challenges, Energy for Sustainable Development, 16 (2012) 272-282. United Nations Development Program. (2010) Human development report 2010. New York: United Nations. United Nations Sustainable Energy for All (available on http://www.sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us, last visited 11 th November 2012)http://www.sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us World Health Organization. (2002).World Health Report 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2004) Outdoor Air Pollution, Assessing the environmental Burden of Disease at National and Local level, Geneva: World Health Organization World Health Organization (2005) WHO air quality guidelines: global update 2005. Geneva: World Health Organization (available on: http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair_aqg/en/, last visited 9 th November 2012)http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair_aqg/en/ World Health Organization (2012) Global Burden of Disease due to indoor air pollution. Geneva: World Health Organization( available on: http://www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/burden_global/en/, last visited 11 th November 2012)http://www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/burden_global/en/ World Health Organization (2006). Fuel for life: household energy and health. Geneva: World Health Organization