1. REVIEW!!!!!!!!!! Cells, The Scientific Method and Organic Molecules

2. Cells  The CELL THEORY: –All living things are made of cells. –Cells come from pre-existing cells. –Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

3. The Plant Cell  Cell Wall provides support and protection.  Cell Membrane is located within cell wall and encloses all organelles and cytoplasm.

4. The Animal Cell  The Cell Membrane is selectively permeable allowing specific nutrients and waste in and out of cell.  Composed of three organic molecules; carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

5. Cellular Organelles  Mitochondria – aids in cellular respiration, produces energy “ATP”.  Ribosomes – aids in protein synthesis.  Vacuoles – Storage of wastes (small found in animal cell, while large is found in Plant cell only!)

6. Cellular Organelles  Centrioles – aids in cell reproduction, found only in Animal Cells.  Chloroplasts – aids in photosynthesis, found in Plant Cells only.  Cytoplasm – Fluid substance that all organelles exist in.  Nucleus - contains DNA.

7. Cellular Organelles

8. Transport through Cell Membrane  Diffusion – movement of high concentration to low concentration.  Active Transport – movement of low concentration to high concentrations. Moves against the concentration gradient.  Osmosis – diffusion of water.

9. Organic Molecules  Contains Carbon and Hydrogen  Examples are: Carbohydrates (Sugars, Glucose), Proteins, Lipids (Fats) and Nucleic Acids (RNA & DNA).  Make up all cell walls and membranes.

10. The Scientific Method 1. State the Problem; How, Why, What? 2. Research/Inferences 3. Form a Hypothesis; create a statement. If….then.. 4. Develop a controlled experiment. Only one variable is being tested. 5. Analysis of Data – read and interpret charts, graphs and written findings. 6. Formulate Conclusion- no summary, state if hypothesis is proven or not.

11. Graphs !!  Label axes with units.  Figure out an appropriate scale; the spacing between numbers on axes must be in equal increments.  Independent variable; factor that influences the dependent variable, always on the x- axis.  Dependent variable; what you are measuring, always on y-axis.