1. Los sustantivos y los géneros (nouns and genders) ALL nouns have a gender in Spanish: MOST Nouns that end with the following letters are MASCULINE: l o n e r s anima puebl montó coch seño lune el MASCULIINE or FEMININE ALL Nouns that end with the following ENDINGS are MASCULINE: ema ama eta probl program plan el

2. MOST Nouns that end with the letter “a” are FEMININE: la película la muchacha la fecha ALL Nouns that end with the following ENDINGS are FEMININE: sión ción dad televi nata ciu la

3. Z z z lápi actri el la WORDS that end with a “Z” are more or less 50% masculine and 50% feminine.

4. PLURALIZING NOUNS To pluralize a noun, do the following: NOUNS ENDING IN A VOWEL: Add an “s” to the noun and change the definite article to “los” to “las” el libro  los libros la hora  las horas NOUNS ENDING IN A CONSONANT: Add an “es” to the noun and change the definite article to “los” to “las” el animal  los animales la ciudad  las ciudades NOUNS ENDING IN A Z: Change the “z” to a “c” then add the “es” to the noun. el lápiz  los lápices el pez  los peces la actriz  las actrices