3.  El basurero- garbage container  El derrumbe- landslide  El efecto invernado- greenhouse effect  La inundacion- flood  El medio ambiente- environment  El riesgo- risk  La sequia- drought  El suelo- ground

4.  El temblor- earthquake  Danar- to harm  desarrollo- development  Mejorar- to improve  Amenazar- to threaten  El porvenir- future  Volar- to fly

6.  The future tense is used to show an event occurring in the future.  In order to conjugate a Spanish verb in the future tense, add respective future endings to the infinitive form.  Future Endings (universal for all verbs): -emos

7. 

8.  Stem changes must be applied to irregular verbs in the future tense.  Irregular Future Stems: InfinitiveStemInfinitiveStemInfinitiveStem HaberHabr-PonerPondr-DecirDir- PoderPodr-SalirSaldr-HacerHar- QuererQuerr-TenerTendr- SaberSabr-VenirVendr-

10.  Por is a preposition that means “for”. It has distinct uses from its similar preposition para which also means “for”.  Uses of Por are as follows:  Passing through  General Location  Duration  Cause  Exchange  Substitution, doing something in place of  A means

11.  Ella pasa por el bosque en su viaje. (She passes through the forest in her trip)  ¿Puedes manejar el carro por mi? (Can you drive the car for me?)  Regresamos por el tren. ( We return by the train.)  Cantamos en el coro por una semana. (We are singing in the choir for one week.)

12.  Para is a preposition meaning “for”. It has uses distinct from its twin, por.  Uses of Para are as follows:  Recipient, for whom  Destination  Purpose  Opinion  Comparison and contrast  Deadline

13. 

17.  Climate: Cold in the mountain tops but hot and humid at the mountain bottoms  Languages: garífuna, xinca, mam, kaquchiquel, akateco, quiché  Food: pupusas, tomales, gallo pinto, tortillas, ceviche

18.  Indigenous Artisans: › used a combination of many colors in the clothes they made › in the market you can find Mayan and indigenous clothes  Archeology: › Architecture of Central America is preferred by people all around the world › Discovered many ruins, sites, and artifacts in Mayan Civilizations › New Mayan palace discovered in 2000  Cities full of life: › Modern structures form part of Central America › Capital city of Panama has large buildings › Panama is now the center of industrial activity and culture. Also contains important ports.

19. CountryCapital Guatemala El SalvadorSan Salvador HondurasTegucigalpa NicaraduaManagua Costa RicaSan José Panamá

20.  Lake Nicaragua: › Largest lake in Central America › Transformed from salt water to fresh water › contains sharks (tiburones)  Endagered Species: › A lot of flora and fauna › deforestation and contamination causes problems › Turtles (tortugas) are endangered because the algae population increased and contaminated the lake › Jaguars (also endagered) eat turtles and a lot of deer

21.  About the Author Carlos Balaguer: › Born in San Salvador in El Salvador › Describes his fascination of nature which is shown in most of his works › wrote for the newspaper El Diario de Hoy  Three Stages of life: › Niño: eat candies, play, and hunt butterflies › Juventud: show interest in nature and become hopeful and enchanted. › Anciano: Contemplate their emotional struggles and nature. Best time of their life is the peace of nature and sense of eternity and greatness. › Stages of life similar to a tree: every stage has some type of splendor

24.  Encargarse de- to take charge of  Invertir- to invest  Novedoso- novel  La patente- patent  Advertir-to warn  Cometer- to make a mistake  Luchar- to struggle  Seguir adelante- to continue on

25.  Superar- to overcome  El fracaso- failure  La mejora- improvement  El sufrimiento- suffering  Por un lado…- on one hand…  Por el otro lado…- on the other hand

27. Not sure if event will happen Formed same way as majority of commands Trick: 1. Present tense “yo” form 2. Delete the “o” (hablo=habl) 3. -AR verbs -e / -ER & -IR -a

28. They need spell changes so you can still pronounce them correctly! Criticar= critque Investigar =investigue Penalizar = penalice Proteger= proteja Entinguir= extinga

29. Know these verb conjugations: Dar, Estar, Ir, Saber, Ser (pg. 199) *haber haya Rules: -AR,-ER,-IR (e ie) -IR verbs nosotros form (e i OR o u) *e i (same stem change in all forms)

30. What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence? 1. Es importante que todos nosotros (respetar) los adultos. 2. Es una buena idea que yo (conseguir) una pelota. 3. Es importante que los estudiantes (escribir) la informacion. 4. No es bueno que yo (encargarse) todo. 5. Es imprescindible que (cerrar) la tienda.

31. 1. Respetemos 2. Consiga 3. Escriban 4. Me encargue 5. Cierres

33.  Panama Canal: › Connects Atlantic and Pacific Ocean › Excavated enough dirt from the canal to build a replica of the Great Wall of China to be built from San Francisco to New York › Panama was once a small country and little known but it's now the center of merchandise traffic › Chinese and locals participated in the construction, Chinese were the minority  Indigenous Art: › Jose Antonio Velásquez was born in Honduras › Painted primitive paintings and paintings with kids in it › Paintings described as native or primitive (ingenuo o primitivista) › Paintings were detailed oriented (minucioso)

34.  About Mayan Civilization:  Mayan civilization existed from 2600 a.C. to 1511 d.C. in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belice, and in parts of Mexico  These civilizations were very advanced  Contributions include the calendar and hieroglyphics  About the legends:  The Mayans had a lot of respect for the environment and everything in it: birds (los pájaros), reptiles (los reptiles), insects (los insectos) and plants (ls plantas)  La tristez del Maya is a legend about the love for nature

35.  What are José Velásquez's paintings described as?  What is a nightingale called in Spanish?  Where, specifically, did Mayan civilizations exist?  What are the three stages of life  What oceans did the Panama canal connect?

36.  Answer: Se llama arte ingenuo o primitivista (Called native or primitive art)  Answer: el ruiseñor  Answer: Existed in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belice, and in parts of Mexico.  Answer: niño, juventud, y anciano