1. National Assessment of Gender and STI in Mexico Judith Zubieta, IIS-UNAM

2. Thesis: Education is a key factor Education is one of the most important variables in the achievement of full participation by women and men in the development of any country. Since early childhood, socialization and education operate as mechanisms of vocational guidance.

3. UNAM’s Female students, 1910 Undergraduate carreers % Nursing 45% Teaching * 13% Music 9% Medicine 9% Odonthology 9% Veterinary 4% Painting 4% Law 4% * Cited as Teachers’ School

4. UNAM’s Female students, 1939 Undergraduate carreers % Teaching *44 Nursing34 Music10 Odonthology1 Aux. Pharmacist1 Archeology1 Chemistry/Pharmacist1 Painting1 Medicine1 History1 Private Accountant1 Philosophy1 * Cited as Teachers’ School

5. Female participation in Undergraduate Studies

6. Fuente: Anuario Estadístico de Universidades e Institutos Tecnológicos, ANUIES. Female participation in Graduate Studies

7. Social Obstacles: related to educational opportunities; with the conscious or unconscious stereotypes on women's work, with prejudices and perceptions differentiated by sex; In brief, Structural Obstacles: related to institutional "corporate practices" affecting the opportunities for the advancement of women; and Normative Obstacles: generated by the lack of rigour in monitoring and enforcing laws; gaps in available information on women’s working conditions; inability to disseminate sex- disaggregated information, lack of adequate policies, etc.

8. Segregation: Vertical.- Hierarchical structures Horizontal.- differentials in scientific disciplines Some explanations: Glass ceiling or sticky floors Inequity in the access to different opportunities

9. Public policies in Education, Science, Technology and Innovation have not yet considered women’s specific condition and needs.

10. Quantity vs. Quality  There is a large discrepancy between the number of women trained and the quality of the jobs they occupy and the functions they performed.  An accepted explanation is expressed in terms of the "time of maturation" of highly trained human resources, but there is also a traditionally overlooked factor: the prevailing culture has not changed significantly..

11. No less important are the differences that can also be seen in the perception of the degree of job satisfaction, wage levels and recognition from colleagues and society, in general.

12. Mexico’s National System of Researchers SNI: Membership distribution by sex, 2013

13. SNI: Membership distribution by sex and category, 1990 y 2012 Mexico’s National System of Researchers

14. Fuente:Conacyt, Informe general del estado de la ciencia y la tecnología, 2012. SNI: Membership distribution by sex and discipline, 2012 Mexico’s National System of Researchers

15.  “Hard data” allow for greater clarity to seriously consider the problem of gender inequality in Mexico.  The conservative character of Mexican institutions, their hierarchical systems, and the job evaluation mechanisms tend to perpetuate certain traits; among them, gender biases among scholars and colleagues.  Women who reach top positions quickly learn to accept a type of "invisibility" and a supposed "neutrality", affecting their self-perception and their degree of satisfaction. Some conclusions

16.  It is not just a matter of establishing minimum quotas or parity participations by decree;  Rather, we must create the conditions for equal opportunities considering specific differences between both sexes. Indeed, there is an urgent need for gender- sensitive public policies in Education, Science, Technology and Innovation Some conclusions