1. Spanish American Revolutions for Independence Charles IV Manuel Godoy Joseph Bonaparte (“Pepe Botellas”) Guerrilla War Juntas for the Defense of Ferdinand VII Cortes of Cadiz 1812 Constitution of Cadiz 1812 Riego Revolt 1820 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla “Grito de Dolores” Sept. 16, 1810

2. Mexico Creole Peninsulares Mestizos Queretaro Conspiracy 1810 Jose Maria Morelos Vicente Guerrero Felix Fernandez (Guadalupe Victoria) Augustin de Iturbide Toussaint L’Overture

3. Independence of South America Francisco Miranda Simon Bolivar Simon Rodriguez Cabildo Jose Antonio Paez Llaneros Battle of Boyaca 1819 Francisco de Paula Santander Battle of Carabobo 1821 Congress of Cucuta 1821 Jose Antonio de Sucre Manuela Saenz Jose de San Martin Portenos Sir Hume Popham

4. Santiago Liniers Mariano Moreno Cornelio Saavedra Manuel Belgrano Bernardino Rivadavia Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia Gauchos Jose Gervasio Artigas Lautaro Lodge (Masons) Bernardo O’Higgins Carrera Brothers Luis Beltran Battle of Chacabuco 1817 Lord Cochrane Riego Revolt 1820 Battle of Ayacucho 1824

5. Independence of Brazil Carlota Joaquina John VI (Jao VI) Fazendas (fazenderos) Pedro I “Fico” Jose Bonafacio de Andrada e Silva Sao Paulo Queen Leopoldina Grito de Yprianga (Sept. 7, 1822)