1. Introduction to the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Care of G. Battimelli, L. Benussi, E. Boscolo, P. Gianotti, G. Mazzitelli, M. Moulson, C. Petrascu, B. Sciascia, with the support of the Scientific Information Service (SIS)

2. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
The INFN:
promotes, coordinates and performs scientific research in subnuclear, nuclear and astroparticle physics,
as well as the research and technological development necessary for activities in these sectors,
in close collaboration with universities,
and within a framework of international cooperation

3. The origins of the INFN
Enrico Fermi and the “Boys of Via Panisperna” conducted a series of fundamental nuclear physics experiments at the Isitiuto di Fisica at the University of Rome in the 1930s.
Fermi realized that continuing progress in the field would require costly instruments and technical infrastructure (e.g., accelerators). Fermi (in Rome) and Bruno Rossi (in Florence) sought to establish an “Istituto Nazionale di Fisica” in the 1930s.
Because of the war, this was impossible until Edoardo Amaldi worked to found the INFN in 1951.
Amaldi
D’Agostino
Fermi
Segrè
Rasetti

4. 1951 1957 4 University Sections Milan, Turin, Padua, and Rome
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
Frascati
The origins of the INFN

5. INFN oggi Gran Sasso Legnaro VIRGO-EGO European Gravitational
Milano Bicocca
VIRGO-EGO
European
Gravitational
Observatory
20 Sections 11 Affiliated Groups
4 National Laboratories
Laboratori del Sud
(Catania)

6. What do we do at LNF? Fundamental research
Study the microscopic structure of matter
Fundamental research
Develop and construct particle detectors
Search for gravitational waves
Develop theoretical
models
Study and develop accelerating techniques
Perform material studies and biomedical research
with synchrotron light
Develop and support computing
systems and networks

7. The history of the Universe

8. The scientific method
The modern scientific method was first formally introduced by Galileo
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Galileo Galilei

9. The modern understanding of matter stems from centuries of inquiry
What is matter made of?
The modern understanding of matter stems from centuries of inquiry
Ancient Greeks: 4 elements
John Dalton: Atomic Therory (1805):
The chemical elements are made of atoms.
The atoms of an element are identical in mass.
Atoms of different elements have different masses.
Atoms combine only in whole-number ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:3, etc.)
Atoms can not be created or destroyed.

10. The periodic table
In 1869, Mendeleev introduces the periodic table and predicts the existence of elements not yet discovered

11. Seeing the invisible
In 1898, Thomson discovered the electron and hypothesized that the electrons are uniformly distributed within the atom, like rasins in rasin bread -
The Thomson atom
In , Rutherford and colleagues tested this hypothesis by bombarding a gold foil with alpha particles.
Some scattered at large angles, indicating the presence of a heavy nucleus.
The Rutherford atom

12. Observation
Observing objects around us is like performing a “Rutherford” experiment
Detector
Accelerator
Source
Observer
Particle Beam
Light
Object
Target
In the microscopic world, the target and beam have similar dimensions

13. Observation
10-10 m
The wavelength of visible light is 400 to 800 nm (i.e., ~10-7 m)
To see atoms (and smaller) we need a smaller probe!

14. Particle sources
Rutherford used alpha particles from the decay of radioactive elements. To obtain particle beams of different types and energies, today we construct particle accelerators.
Particle beams start out from a source. The simplest example is electrons emitted by a hot filament, as in a lightbulb.
Particles acquire energy when they are accelerated by an electric field + −

15. The Frascati Electron Synchrotron 1959-1975

16. Experiments using fixed targets
synchrotron
target S L
detectors
p+/-
e-,e+,p …
LINAC
p, n, etc
Matter is mainly empty
All particles which do not interact are lost
Energy is lost to moving the center of mass
“Target” is a nucleus, with a complex structure

17. A new approach: Use colliding beams
detector
Bruno Touschek, Frascati, 1960
Accumulation ring
The non-interacting particles can be reused in successive rounds
Collisions are performed in the center-of-mass frame
The circulating particles can be either elementary or complex (nuclei or atoms)

18. A related idea: Collide particle and antiparticlem- m+ e+ e-
E = 2mm c2
E = 2me c2
E = 2mt c2
E = m c2
The larger the energy, the greater the number of particles that can be studied

19. Matter-antimatter colliders
LEP at CERN (Geneva) 1988
LHC at CERN: operating since 2009
ADONE at Frascati in 1969
DAFNE
ADA at Frascati in 1959

20. The “Phantom of the Opera”
The Standard Model
Fermions
Bosons e
electron ne
e-neutrino d
down up u I m
muon n
m-neutrino s
strange c
charm II t
tau n
t-neutrino b
bottom
top
III g
gluon
Gravity
The “Phantom of the Opera”
Quarks g
photon
Force Carriers Z
boson W
Leptons
Matter families
Higgs
boson ?

21. The fundamental forces
Intensity
Effect
Gravitational 1
Keeps you on your chair Z
boson W
Weak decays:
n p + e- + n
Weak
1029
Electromagnetic
1040
Holds atoms together g
photon
The fundamental particles interact via four forces, each very different from the others, particularly in the effective range and intensity.
If one arbitrarily specifies the strength of the gravitational force as 1… g
gluon
Holds nuclei together
Strong
1043

22. DAΦNE
FINUDA

23. Physics at DAΦNE
Out of the electron-positron collisions, a ϕ meson can be produced. It decays immediately into two other particles, the K-mesons (kaons). The two kaons can be either neutral or oppositely charged. K e- e+ e- e+  e- e+ e- e- e+ e+ e- e+ e- e+ e- e- e+ e- K
The kaons are used by the experiments (KLOE, FINUDA, etc.)
At DAΦNE, up to kaons per second are produced

24. Kaonic atoms Kaonic hydrogen (DEAR - Siddharta) n=1 p n=2 n=25 K-
2p  1s (Ka )
X ray of interest
In the DEAR experiment, the strong force is investigated by studying kaonic atoms, in which a K- substitutes an atomic electron.

25. FINUDA (Fisica Nucleare a DAΦNE)
In the FINUDA experiment, the strong force is studied by placing a “foreign body” inside the nucleus p n L
Hypernucleus u d u d u s u  s d
K- n  L p-
Reconstruction of a hypernuclear event in the FINUDA detector

26. KLOE (K LOng Experiment)
KLOE studies the differences between matter and antimatter, by looking at kaon (and antikaon) decays

27. DAΦNE-Luce
Synchrotron light is the radiation emitted when a charged particle’s path is bent by a magnetic field.
This radiation is very useful for studies in:
Biophysics and medicine
Solid state physics and electronics
Materials science
photon

28. SPARC
Originally a by-product, synchrotron light has become a powerful scientific tool. It is now produced on purpose for various uses
(Sorgente Pulsata Auto-amplificata di Radiazione Coerente) is a project with 4 principal beamlines, aimed at the development of an X-ray source of very high brilliance (energy emitted per unit solid angle)
150 MeV Advanced Photo-Injector
Production of an electron beam and compression by magnetic and radiofrequency systems
SASE-FEL Visible-VUV Experiment
For the study of beam-transport systems
X-ray source
X-ray monochromator

29. Coherent, monochromatic waves
Incoherent radiation
Coherent radiation
Coherent, monochromatic waves
Fixed wavelength and fixed relative phase
Equivalent to many, many waves superimposed

30. FLAME (Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary Experiments) is an extremely high power laser source (300 TW), with bursts lasting 20 fs and a frequency of 10 Hz.
The LI2FE laboratory
By combining the SPARC electron beam with the FLAME laser, we produce a unique monochromatic X-ray source.
This can be used to produce high
quality medical images using
less radiation.
LI2FE is an interdisciplinary laboratory inaugurated in Frascati in December 2010.

31. A distortion in the fabric of space
The force of gravity
A distortion in the fabric of space

32. Gravitational waves: an analogy
Hi! How are you?
antenna
Electromagnetic waves are produced by an electric charge when accelerated
Gravitational waves: an analogy
Gravitational waves are produced by masses that undergo acceleration

33. Gravitational waves
Gravitational waves are 1040 times less intense than electromagnetic waves

34. Search for gravitational waves: NAUTILUS
Supernova in our galaxy h=10-18
Supernova in Virgo h=10-21
Thermal T=300 K, DL=10-16 m
Thermal T=3 K, DL=10-17 m
Thermal T=300 mK  DL=10-18 m

35. GW detectors around the world

36. The DAΦNE upgrade Increased horizontal beam-crossing
DAFNE
Increased horizontal beam-crossing
angle:12mrad  25 mrad
DAFNE Upgrade
Reduced horizontal and vertical
beam dimensions

37. The future of LNF
DAΦNE is at the end of its scientific program, but using the skills and experience acquired, we are designing a new “particle factory” of higher energy and luminosity.
The SuperB project has been chosen by the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research as a flagship project for Italian research.

38. Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, info: http://www.lnf.infn.it/sis/edu
ADA e ADONE
SPARC
ATLAS
NAUTILUS
KLOE
Centro di
Calcolo
OPERA
DAFNE
DAFNE-L
BTF
FISA
FINUDA
SIDDHARTHA
Auditorium