1. El presente

2. Uses of the Present 1.Express a timeless or habitual action in the present 2.Describe events that last up to the present 3.Express planned events and actions in the future

3. Uses of the Present 4. Describe actions and situations that have been going on for a certain period of time in the following constructions: hace + length of time + que + verb in present Verb in present + (desde) hace + length of time To ask a question use ¿Cuánto (tiempo) hace que + verb in the present? ¿Desde hace cuánto tiempo + verb in the present?

4. Uses of the Present 5.Describe actions and situations that have been going on since a specific point in time: Verb in present + desde + point in time To ask a question use the following construction: ¿Desde cuándo + verb in the present?

5. Regular Verb Conjugation -ar -er -ir. -o -amos-o-emos-o-imos -as -áis-es-éis-es-ís -a -an-e-en-e-en

6. Verbs with Irregular Yo quepocaber (to fit)- quepo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabéis, caben caigocaer (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen doydar (to give)- doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan hagohacer (to do or make)- hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen Deshacer (to undo), satisfacer (to satisfy)

7. Verbs with Irregular Yo pongoponer (to put)- pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen componer (to compose/repair), exponer (to expose), suponer (to suppose), descomponer (to break), imponer (to impose), disponer (to dispose), proponer (to propose) saber (to know a fact/how to do something) sé sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben salgosalir (to go out/leave) salgo, sales, sale, salemos, salís, salen

8. Verbs with Irregular Yo traigotraer (to bring)- traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen atraer (to attract), contraer (to contract), distraer (to distract) valgovaler (to be worth/cost)- valgo, vales, vale valemos, valéis, valen veover (to see)- veo, ves, ve vemos, veis, ven

9. Verbs with Irregular Yo and Stem Change digoiidecir (to say/tell)- digo, dices, dice, i decimos, decís, dicen tengo, ieietener (to have)- tengo, tienes, tiene, ie tenemos, tenéis, tienen contener (to contain), entretener (to entertain), obtener (to obtain), detener (to detain/stop), mantener (to maintian), retener (to retain) vengoieievenir (to come)- vengo, vienes, viene ie venimos, venís, vienen convenir (to agree/be suitable), intervenir (to intervene), prevenir (to warn/ prevent)

10. Other Irregular Verbs estoy, estás, está,estar (to be)- estoy, estás, está, éstamosestán éstamos, estáis, están voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, vanir (to go)- voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van oigo, oyes, oye,oír (to hear)- oigo, oyes, oye, oyen oímos, oís, oyen soy, eres, es, somos, sois, sonser (to be)- soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

11. Stem-changing verbs u to ue jugar (to play) ue juegojugamos ue juegas jugáis ueue juegajuegan

12. Stem-changing Verbs o to ue dormir (to sleep) ue duermodormimos ue duermasdormís ueue duermaduerman

13. Other o to ue Verbs almorzar (to eat lunch)volver (to return) acostarse (to go to bed)costar (to cost) demostrar (to demonstrate)encontrar (to find) mostrar (to show)soñar (to dream) recordar (to remember)llover (to rain) oler (to smell)poder (to be able) resolver (to solve)morir (to die)

14. oler oler- to smell hueloolemos huelesoléis huelehuelen

15. Stem-changing Verbs e to ie querer (to want) ie quieroqueremos ie quieresquieréis ieie quierequieren

16. Other e to ie Verbs pensar (to think)cerrar (to close) comenzar (to begin)confesar (to confess) despertarse (to wake up)empezar (to begin) nevar (to snow) sentarse (to sit down) entender (to understand)perder (to lose) preferir (to prefer)advertir (to notify) hervir (to boil)

17. Stem-changing Verbs e to i servir (to serve) i sirvoservimos i sirvesservís ii sirvesirven

18. Other e to i Verbs despedir (to fire)impedir (to prevent) medir (to measure)reírse (to laugh) repetir (to repeat)sonreírse (to smile) vestir(se) (to dress) pedir (to ask for, request) despedirse (de) to say good-bye)

19. reír reír- to laugh ríoreimos ríesreís ríe ríen

20. -uir Verbs -uir verbs add a y after the u. construir (to build) y construyoconstruimos y construyesconstruís yy construyeconstruyen

21. Other –uir Verbs atribuir (to attribute) concluir (to conclude) contribuir (to contribute)destruir (to destroy) distribuir (to distribute)huir (to flee) incluir (to include)influir (to influence) sustituir (to substitute)

22. -iar and –uar Verbs -iar and –uar verbs have an accent on the i or u. enviar (to send)continuar (to continue) íú envío enviamoscontinúocontinuamos íú envías enviáiscontinúascontinuáis ííúú envía envíancontinúacontinúan

23. Other –iar and –uar Verbs -iar confiar (en) (to confide [in]) espiar (to spy)fiarse (de) (to trust) guiar (to guide)variar (to vary) resfriarse (to catch a cold) -uar actuar (to act) graduarse (to graduate)

24. -ger and –gir Verbs -ger and –gir verbs change g to j in the yo form. proteger (to protect) exigir (to demand) jj protejo protegemosexijo exigimos proteges protegéisexigesexigís protege protegenexigeexigen

25. Other –ger and –gir verbs -ger coger (to grab, catch)encoger (to correct) escoger (to choose) recoger (to gather, pick up) -gir afligir (to grieve)corregir (to correct) dirigir (to direct, conduct)elegir (to choose) fingir (to feign, pretend)

26. -guir Verbs Verbs that end in -guir change –gu to g in the yo. seguir (e i) ig sigoseguimos i siguesseguís ii siguesiguen

27. Other –guir Verbs conseguir (to get, aquire) distinguir (to distinguish) extinguir (to extinguish) perseguir (to pursue) proseguir (to proceed)

28. -cer Verbs Verbs that end in a vowel + –cer change to –zco in the yo. (except hacer) ofrecer (to offer) zco ofrezcoofrecemos ofrecesofrecéis ofreceofrecen

29. Other vowel + –cer Verbs aborrecer (to hate)agradecer (to thank) aparecer (to appear)crecer (to grow) conocer (to know, be familiar with) desaparecer (to disappear) establecer (to establish) merecer (to deserve)nacer (to be born) obedecer (to obey)parecer (to seem) permanecer (to remain) pertenecer (to belong) reconocer (to recognize)

30. Consonant + –cer Verbs Verbs that end in a consonant + –cer change to –zo in the yo. vencer (to defeat) zo venzovencemos vencesvencéis vencevencen convencer (to convince)ejercer (to exert)

31. Vowel + -cir Verbs Verbs that end in a vowel + -cir change to -zco in the yo. (except decir) producir (to produce) zco produzcoproducimos producesproducís produceproducen

32. Other vowel + -cir Verbs conducir (to drive, conduct) reducir (to reduce) traducir (to translate)

33. Present Progressive Tense The progressive indicates an action in progress. AKA: it is going on right NOW. Any tense of estar can be used but present and imperfect are the most common.

34. Present Progressive Tense The following verbs can be used in place of estar to form the progressive: These are the most common: seguir (keep on or still doing something), ir (conveys the idea of gradually or little by little), andar (implies going about), continuar (continues …), venir (came/comes), salir (left/leaves), entrar (entered/ enteres), and llegar (arrived/arrives) imply continuation or habitual actions.

35. Present Progressive Tense: the Gerund (present participle) The gerund is formed by adding: -ando to the stem of –ar verbs -iendo to the stem of –er and –ir verbs Note: -ar and –er stem changers don’t change. -ir stem changers change o to u and e to i. -er and –ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel change the i in –iendo to a y.