1. CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1 OBJECTIVE: 2.3 – DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES THAT LED TO SECTIONALISM & NATIONALISM Jacksonian America

2. Andrew Jackson 1829 - 1837

3. Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson (Democrat) vs. John Q. Adams (rerun of 1824 election). Both candidates engaged in “mudslinging” Jackson won the presidency-carried all southern & western states. 1 st President from the “new west”- Tenn.

5. Jacksonian America Portrayed himself as the common man Little education, orphaned at age 14, 5 duels-killed 1 man Common man more powerful in politics EEarly 1800’s -States eliminated of property requirements to vote= all white men allowed to vote (increased “suffrage”) 11824 election=355,000 voted; 1828= 1.1 million voted Spoils System – to give government jobs to supporters regardless of qualifications JJackson fired everyone and gave jobs to political allies. Replaced the Caucus system of choosing presidential candidates with the National Nominating Conventions

6. What does suffrage mean? 1. Right to vote 2. A group that suffers 3. A person that suffers 4. An unrighteousness

7. Who are these guys? Andrew Jackson (President) John Calhoun (Vice- President) Henry Clay (Kentucky Congressman)

8. *The Nullification Crisis Economy was weakening –  Cotton prices were dropping to all time lows  Tariffs meant high prices on goods (mostly for Southerners & westerners) Tariff of Abominations (1828)-passed by Congress  South Carolina – John Calhoun (VP) calls for nullification of the law  Jackson believed nullification would destroy the U.S.  South Carolina threatened secession if the tariff wasn’t repealed

9. The Debate Over Nullification Could a state defy a federal law ??? The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (Vice- President John C. Calhoun)- essay declared that states had a right to declare a federal law “null” (not valid)= nullification. The Webster v. Hayne Senate Debates (1830) Robert Hayne (SC) – the Union is no more than a voluntary association of states (state’s rights). Daniel Webster (Mass.)- believed in preservation of the Union would best preserve LIBERTY. “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!”

10. Jackson Defends the UNION! 1832- Congress passed another tariff law (which actually cut tariff rates a little). South Carolina adopted ordinance of nullification (Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 unconstitutional) 1833- The Force Bill: Congress authorized the president to use force.

11. Clay Saves the Day!! Tensions rose Senator Henry Clay (Kentucky) –pushed a bill through Congress to gradually lower the nation’s tariffs until 1842. South Carolina cancelled their Nullification ordinance. Conflict AVOIDED!!

12. Jackson’s Policy towards Native Americans Jackson had fought Indians (Creek & Seminoles); inaugural speech proclaimed removal of Indians to Great Plains. Indian Removal Act (1830)-pushed by Jackson  Remove all Native Americans & send to the great plains Worcester v Georgia (1832)  Cherokee of Georgia & NC sued the US  Chief Justice John Marshall – ruled in favor of Indian property rights  Jackson refused to enforce it-”Marshall has made his decision, let him enforce it”. 1838- Trail of Tears – US military forced removal of the Cherokee to Oklahoma (4,000 died); by 1838- most eastern Indian tribes had been moved to the Great Plains-reservations.

15. The Election of 1832 The Bank of the United States- became a major issue! The Whigs – a new party!!  Northern Jackson won in a landslide 1 st presidential candidate to be nominated by his PARTY through nominating convention.

16. Jackson’s “War” against the BANK OF THE US Before the election of 1832-Jackson’s opponents in Congress passed a bill extending the life of the US Bank for ANOTHER 20 years- Jackson made it a major issue. Jackson disliked the National Bank & set out to destroy it= considered it a monopoly WHICH benefitted the wealthy; also unconstitutional (in spite of McCulloch v. Maryland) Jackson’s “Pet Banks”  Jackson took federal government money out of National Bank  Placed the money in small state owned banks =his" pet banks”  Eventually killing the 2 nd Bank of the United States= financial woes later

17. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren Whigs nominated 3 candidates Democrat – Martin Van Buren -winner Panic of 1837 – recession that dominated his presidency Trail of Tears – he carried out forced removal of Indians west of the Mississippi. Election 1836 1837 - 1841

18. Election of 1840 Whigs – William Henry Harrison & John Tyler  Tippecanoe & Tyler too! William Henry Harrison won! Dies 32 days later-pneumonia John Tyler became president- opposed most Whig policies

19. Pres. John Tyler Foreign Policy Achievements Webster Ashburton Treaty- 1842  The US & Britain agree to Set border between Canada & Maine.

20. A Changing Culture  1815-1860: Over 5 million immigrants arrived in the US Irish Immigration  Almost 2 million (largest group)  Fleeing a potato famine in Ireland (1845)  Arrived with little or no money or skills  Settled in industrial cities (Northeast)

21. German Immigration  Fleeing violence & oppression in Germany