1. The Nation Divided
Chapter 14

2. New territory
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 successfully quieted the issue of slavery.
After the Mexican-American War, the United States added a huge amount of territory.
Renews the struggle between free/slave states for power in Congress.

3. Wilmot proviso
Questions began to arise of what would happen to the newly acquired lands.
Northerners feared the spread of slavery to western territories
In 1846, David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed that Congress ban slavery in all of the Mexican cession.
Though it was rejected by Congress, it aroused great concern in the South.
The north was directly attacking the South’s way of life.

4. New party
Neither the Democrats or the Whigs took a strong stance on slavery.
Democratic candidate Lewis Cass proposed the idea of popular sovereignty.
People in the territory or state would vote directly on issues (slavery)
Anti-Slavery Democrats and Whigs formed the Free-Soil Party.
Martin Van Buren was selected to be their candidate.

6. 12th President
Van Buren performed terribly in the election, but did steal away votes from the Democrats
Hero of the Mexican-American War: Zachary Taylor wins the election for the Whig Party.

7. A bitter debate
Several issues were at hand at the beginning of Zachary Taylor’s term in office:
California: Free or Slave State?
California petitioned to be a state in Northerners argued that because the majority of the state was above the Missouri Comp. line that California should be a free state.
2. Slavery in Washington D.C.
Northerners were not happy that slavery was in the nation’s capital.
Fugitive Slaves
Southerners wanted northerners to return runaway slaves to the south

8. “The great compromiser”
Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850:
1. California is a free state
2. Banned slave trade in Washington DC
3. Popular sovereignty to determine fate of Mexican Cession (free/slave)
4. Tough new fugitive slave law

9. Opposition States’ rights supporter: John C. Calhoun
Calls for secession of slave states
President Zachary Taylor also is against the Compromise.

10. Death in the white house
Zachary Taylor dies
Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th president.
Fillmore supports Clay’s Compromise and signs it into law.

11. Fugitive slave act of 1850
Allowed special government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave.
Suspects had no right to trial
No evidence needed
Also required northerners to help capture “fugitives”

12. Outrage Examples of injustice:
Indiana man torn from family because slave owner claimed he ran away 19 years earlier.
A wealthy tailor was taken back to South Carolina after living in New York for several years.
White Northerners could be arrested and fined $1,000 for not helping ‘slave-catchers’
African Americans began fleeing to Canada in fear of being stolen into slavery
Mobs form in northern cities.
Bostonians rise up against ‘slave-catchers’. Threaten harm if they don’t leave immediately.

13. outrage
The Fugitive Slave Act further proved the evil of slavery to northerners.
Created a sense of urgency to rid the nation of it.

14. Uncle tom’s cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist minister, writes the influential book.
“something that will make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is.”
Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

15. Uncle tom’s cabin Showed the evil and severity of slavery
Turned slavery from a political issue to a moral issue.
Northerners were shocked and disgusted
Southerners claimed it to be propaganda

16. Kansas-Nebraska act
Stephen A. Douglas suggested forming two new territories.
Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory
To win southern support, Douglass proposed that slavery in the new territories would be determined by popular sovereignty.
Undoes the Missouri Compromise.

18. Kansas-Nebraska Act
When passed by the 14th President: Franklin Pierce, Douglass predicted:
“the issue of slavery will now forever be banished from the halls of Congress”
OMG, he was completely wrong

19. Trouble in Kansas
White citizens of the Kansas and Nebraska territory could now vote on the issue of slavery.
Both proslavery and antislavery citizens flooded into Kansas to vote illegally.
Although Kansas had only 3,000 citizens; 8,000 votes were cast on election day.

20. Results 36 of 39 legislators elected are pro-slavery.
Anti-slavery Kansans refuse to accept the results and hold a second election.
Kansas now had two governments

21. Bleeding Kansas
Border-ruffians: armed groups from Missouri who used violence against abolitionist.
800 pro-slavery men attack anti-slavery city: Lawrence, KS.
John Brown led 7 men into a pro-slavery town and murdered 5 men.

22. Blood in congress
Charles Sumner, an anti-slavery senator, rants about pro-slavery supporters. Singles out Andrew Butler, a senator from South Carolina.
Butler was not present for the speech.
A few days later Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate chamber and beat Sumner with a heavy cane until he was bloody and unconscious.
The south felt Sumner got what he deserved.
To the north, this proved the brutal and inhumane ways of the south.

24. Another new party The Whig Party splits up.
The Republican party forms.
northern, anti-slavery

25. Election of 1856
James Buchanan
John C. Fremont
Democrat
Republican

27. Dred Scott
Dred Scott was an enslaved man who was owned by an Army doctor.
The doctor and Scott lived in Illinois and Wisconsin before returning to Missouri.
Illinois and Wisconsin = slavery is illegal

28. Dred Scott case Scott sued for his freedom. The decision:
He argued that he was free because he had lived in a place where slavery was illegal.
The decision:
1. Dred Scott was not a free man
2. Scott had no right to sue because slaves are not citizens
3. Living in a free territory does not make a slave free.
4. Slaves are property, and the Constitution protects property rights
5. Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery anywhere

29. Reaction Supporters of slavery rejoiced. Northerners were outraged
Slavery was now legal everywhere
Northerners were outraged
An Illinois lawyer spoke out against the decision:

30. Lincoln-Douglas debate
1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas ran against each other to be the senator of Illinois.
Despised one another: Different political ideas and both courted Mary Todd (Abe won)
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a debate
Douglas supported popular sovereignty
Tried to make Lincoln out to be a dangerous abolitionist.
Lincoln stood against the spread of slavery.

31. The debates
Douglas
Lincoln
“Each state has a right to do as it pleases on the subject of slavery.”
“It is none of our business (Illinois) whether slavery exists in Missouri”
“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong”
Americans are obligated to keep slavery out of western territories.
“there is no reason in the world why the Negro is not entitled to…the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

32. Douglas wins
Though Lincoln lost the election for Senate, he became a national celebrity.
Two years later, the two would once again face off, but this time for the presidency.

33. John brown
American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery.
After his attacks in Kansas, Brown moved back to New England

34. Raid on Harpers Ferry
In 1859 Brown led he, his sons and other followers to Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
His plan was to attack the arsenal and arm African American slaves for a revolt.

35. results
John Brown expected slaves to runaway and join him at the arsenal and it did not happen.
10 of his men were killed and he was arrested and hung.
The north mourned him as a hero and martyr.
The south was convinced their way of life was being attacked.

36. An approaching War Americans everywhere sensed a crisis
Slavery had seriously divided the country.
The incident at Harpers Ferry, as well as the growing strength of the Republicans had southerners worrying about their future.

37. Election of 1860
The Republicans quickly selected Abraham Lincoln to represent them.
Southerners were split.
Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas(popular sovereignty)
Southern Democrats: John C. Breckinridge(states’ rights)
Union Party: John Bell (protect slavery and keep union)

39. Lincoln wins!

40. THE NOT SO “UNITED” STATES
The south is enraged.
Congress and now the President have hate for their way of life.
“A party (Republican) founded on the single sentiment of hatred of African slavery, is now the controlling power. The honor, safety, and independence of the Southern people are to be found only in a Southern Confederacy.”

41. Secession South Carolina becomes the first state to secede.
SIX MORE STATES FOLLOWED forming the Confederate States of America:
 MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, and TX
Justified their succession with the theory of states’ rights
They selected Mississippi senator Jefferson Davis as their president.

42. The civil War begins
On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln became President of a nation facing the greatest crisis in its history.
He promised in his inaugural address to try and protect the Union
But he also warned the south about continuing with their current actions.

43. Fort Sumter
An island fortification located in South Carolina

44. Fort Sumter
After South Carolina seceded, US Army commander Robert Anderson refused to abandon is post.
On April 12, 1861the Confederacy attacked the fort.
By days end the wood fort was completely ablaze and Union forces had to surrender.

45. The beginning
The attack on Fort Sumter marked the official beginning to a long and bloody Civil War.

46. Road to the Civil war REPRESENTATION (SLAVE/FREE STATES)
WILMOT PROVISO, BLEEDING KANSAS, COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY
JOHN BROWN, DRED SCOTT CASE, UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
ABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT
Republican Party controls government
SOUTHERN STATES SECEDE
South Carolina leads the way
CONFEDERACY ATTACKS FORT SUMTER
Lincoln forced to retaliate