1. Circulation- body’s transport system
Chapter 16
Section 1

2. Key Concepts What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
What is the function and structure of the heart?
What path does blood take through the cardiovascular system?
What are the functions and structures of arteries, capillaries, and veins?

3. Key terms Cardiovascular system Heart Atrium Pacemaker Ventricle Valve
Artery
Capillary
Vein
Aorta
Coronary artery
Pulse
Diffusion
Blood pressure

4. The Cardiovascular System
Like the roads that link all parts of the country your body has a “highway” network-the cardiovascular system.
The cardiovascular system carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells. In addition, blood contains cells that fight disease.

5. Delivering Needed Materials
Blood carries needed substances by the body from one part to another
Ex. Oxygen from your lungs to other body cells
Ex. Glucose is transported to cells to produce energy

6. Removing waste products
Cardiovascular system picks up wastes from cells
Ex. Cells break down glucose, and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product
Carbon dioxide passes from the cells into the blood
Cardiovascular system then carries carbon dioxide to the lungs where it is exhaled

7. Fighting Disease
Transports cells that attack disease-causing microorganisms
Blood cells will kill the microorganisms and help you get well

8. Heart Without the heart could blood flow anywhere?
Each time the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.

9. Size and Location You heart is about the size of your fist
It is located in the center of your chest
The heart lies behind the sternum and inside the rib cage
It is made of cardiac muscle-Does the cardiac muscle get tired?

10. Heart Structure Heart has a right and a left side
Right and left sides are separated by a wall of tissue called the septum
Each side has an upper and lower chamber
Upper chamber-atrium (plural – atria)
Lower chamber-ventricle
A pacemaker is located in the right atrium to send out signals that make the heart muscle contract

11. Atrium
Receives blood that comes into the heart

12. Ventricle
Pumps blood out of the heart

13. Atria/Ventricle Atria and ventricles are separated by valves
This valve is a flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backward
Valves are also located between the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

14. How the heart works
Phase one-heart muscle relaxes and heart fills with blood
Other phase-heart muscle contracts and pumps blood forward
When the heart muscle relaxes blood flows into the chambers
Atria contract squeezing blood out of the atria through the valves and into the ventricles
Ventricles then contract

15. (2)
Contraction closes the valves between the atria and ventricles making the lub sound and squeezing blood into large blood vessels
As valves between ventricles and blood vessels snap shut they make the dup sound

16. Two Loops Body has three kinds of vessels
Arteries-carry blood away from heart
Capillaries-substances are exchanged between the blood and body cells
Veins-carry blood back to the heart

17. (2)
Blood flow is like a figure eight with the heart at the center of the two loops
Loop one-blood travels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Loop two-blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns again to the heart

18. (3) Right side of heart pumps to lungs
Left side to the rest of the body
Blood travels in one direction, and takes less than a minute to travel through your body

19. Loop one To the lungs and back
Blood that flows into the right atrium contains little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide
This is oxygen POOR blood-it is DARK RED
Blood then flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle
The ventricle pumps the oxygen poor blood into the arteries that lead to the lungs
As blood flows through the lungs, large blood vessels branch into smaller ones

20. Loop Two-to the body and back
Second loop begins as the left atrium fills with oxygen rich blood coming from the lungs
Blood then moves into the left ventricle from the left ventricle blood is pumped into the aorta-the largest artery in the body

21. (2)
After passing through branching arteries, blood flows through tiny capillaries in different parts of your body, such as your brain, liver and legs
These vessels are in close contact with body cells
Oxygen moves out of the blood and into the body cells, at the same time, carbon dioxide passes from the body cells into the blood
Blood which is low in oxygen then flows back to the right atrium of the heart through veins, completing the second lap

22. Arteries When blood leaves the heart it travels through arteries
Right ventricle pumps blood into the arteries that go to the lungs
Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
Smaller arteries branch off the aorta
First branches are called coronary arteries and carry blood to the heart itself
Other branches carry blood to the brain, intestines and other organs, each artery branches into smaller and smaller arteries

23. Artery structure
Walls of arteries are generally very thick they consist of three cell layers
Innermost layer-made up of epithelial cells and is smooth
Smooth surface enables blood to flow freely
Middle layer-mostly muscle tissue
Outer wall-flexible connective tissue
They are both strong and flexible
Arteries are able to withstand the enormous pressure of blood as it is pumped by the heart and to expand and relax between heart beats

24. Pulse The alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall
Every time the heart’s ventricles contract they send a spurt of blood out through all the arteries in your body
This spurt travels
It pushes the artery walls and makes them expand, after the spurt passes they relax and become narrower again
Heartbeats are then number of times an artery pulses beneath your fingers

25. (2)
Eventually blood flows through tiny capillaries that are in close contact with the air that comes into the lungs
Air in the lungs has more oxygen than the blood in the capillaries, oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood
Carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction-from the blood into the lungs
As the blood leaves the lungs it is now rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide
Blood is bright red and flows to the left side of the hear and will be pumped through the second loop

26. Regulating Blood Flow
The layer of muscle in an artery acts as a control gate
When the muscle contracts the opening in the artery becomes smaller
When the muscle relaxes the opening becomes larger
Ex. You eat, your stomach and intestines need a greater blood supply for digestion. More blood flows through them
In contrast when running your stomach and intestines need less blood than the muscles in your legs arteries leading to the digestive organs become narrower-decreasing blood flow

27. Capillaries
Materials are exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells
Capillary walls are only one cell thick, allowing materials to pass easily through them. Oxygen and glucose pass from the blood through the capillary walls to the cells. Waste products travel in the opposite direction-from cells through the capillary walls into the blood

28. (2)
Materials are exchanged between blood and the body cells by diffusion
What is diffusion?
Ex. Glucose is more highly concentrated in the blood than it is in the body cells, therefore, glucose diffuses from the blood into the body cells.

29. Veins
Like those of the arteries they have three layers, with muscle in the middle layer
The walls of veins are generally much thinner than those of arteries
Many veins are located near skeletal muscles, the contraction of the muscles helps push the blood along
Larger veins in your body have valves that prevent blood from flowing backward
Breathing movements which exert a squeezing pressure against veins in the chest, also force blood toward the heart

30. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is caused by the force with which the ventricles contact
As blood moves away from the heart, blood pressure decreases
The farther away from the ventricle the blood moves the lower its force
Blood flowing near the heart arteries exerts the highest pressure

31. Measuring blood pressure
Blood pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury
First number is a measure of the blood pressure while the heart’s ventricles contract and pump blood into the arteries
Second number measure the blood pressure while the ventricles relax

32. 1. What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

33. 2. What materials does the cardiovascular system deliver throughout the body?
Oxygen
Glucose

34. 3. How does the cardiovascular system get rid of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is passed from cells into the blood and then carried to the lungs where it is exhaled

35. 4. What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

36. 5. Which chambers contain oxygen rich blood?
The left atrium and left ventricle

37. 6. What are the two loops of blood flow?
heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Heart to the body and back to the heart

38. 7. When blood is pumped to the body cells is it oxygen rich?
Yes, it has just come from the lungs where it released carbon dioxide and picked up oxygen

39. 8. What color is oxygen poor blood?
Dark red

40. 9. What are you feeling when you take a pulse?
A spurt of blood pushing the artery walls and making them expand

41. 10. Why are capillary walls so thin?
Materials must be able to pass easily between them and body cells

42. 11. What happens to the force of blood as it moves away from the heart?
It decreases

43. 12. Where does blood returning from the body enter the heart?
Right atrium