2. The study of carbon-based compounds and their properties.

5. Historically the distinction between inorganic and organic substances was based on whether or not they were produced by living systems. It was believed that some sort of “life force” was needed to synthesize them.

6. In 1828, the German chemist Freidrich Wohler (1800-1882) prepared urea from the inorganic salt ammonium cyanate by simple heating. NH 4 OCN  H 2 N—C—NH 2 O urea

7. Hydrocarbons: contain only hydrogen and carbon Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesCyclic Hydrocarbons can be divided into different types, depending on their bonding.

8. Alkanes - - Carbon chain, no double or triple bonds. All single bonds Alkenes - - Carbon chain, contains double bond(s) Alkynes - - Carbon chain, contains triple bond(s) Naming Organic Molecules

9. There are two parts to the main name of each molecule… prefix: tells the # of carbons in main chain or ring suffix: tells the type of bonding in the chain or ring

10. Prefix: indicates number of carbon atoms in the main chain or ring 1meth- 2eth- 3prop- 4but- 5pent- 6hex- 7hept- 8oct- 9non- 10dec-

11. Suffix: indicates types of bonds present Alkanes: (all single bonds) ___ -ane Alkenes: (double bond) ___ -ene Alkyne: (triple bond) ___ -yne

12. For example…

18. Saturated Hydrocarbons  contain only single C-C bonds

19. Unsaturated hydrocarbons:  contain double or triple C-C bonds

20. Saturated Hydrocarbons:  the ALKANES: chains of carbon connected by single bonds:

21. ALKANES methane, CH 4

22. ALKANES ethane, C 2 H 6

23. ALKANES propane, C 3 H 8

24. ALKANES butane, C 4 H 10

25. ALKANES pentane, C 5 H 12

26. ALKANES hexane, C 6 H 14

27. ALKANES octane, C 8 H 18

28. “Normal” v. Branched  “normal” hydrocarbons are straight chains; no branching  Branched-chain hydrocarbons – isomers of “normal” hydrocarbons; have same formula, but different structures

29. n-butane

30. 2-methlypropane

31. n-pentane

32. 2-methylbutane

33. 2,2-dimethylpentane

34. Cycloalkanes

35. cyclopentane

36. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds 2-pentene

37. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds 2,4-hexadiene

38. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds 1-butyne

39. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds 3-ethyl-1-pentyne

40. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: benzene – the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon; has a symmetrical ring structure

41. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: benzene – can be drawn like this…

42. Derivatives of benzene: 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene

43. Derivatives of benzene: 1,2-dimethyl-4-propylbenzene

44. Functional Groups Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.

45. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2-iodobutane

46. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2,4-dibromo-1-hexene

47. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene

48. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 2-propanol

49. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 3-methyl-1-butanol

50. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 1,2-butanediol

51. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxymethane (dimethyl ether)

52. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxypropane (methyl propyl ether)

53. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxybenzene (methyl phenyl ether)

54. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) ammonia

55. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) methylamine

56. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) trimethylamine

57. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) 2-aminobutane

58. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) 1-amino-3-propylcyclohexane

59. *aniline: the simplest aromatic amine aniline

60. *aniline: the simplest aromatic amine 3,5-dichloroaniline

61. *aniline: the simplest aromatic amine N,N-dimethylaniline

62. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) butanoic acid

63. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) ethanoic acid

64. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) 3-methylpentanoic acid

65. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) benzoic acid