1. Ch. 14 - 1 Chapter 14 Aromatic Compounds Modified from sides of William Tam & Phillis Chang

2. Nomenclature Naming monosubstituted benzenes Most: benzene is the parent name and the substituent is a prefix benzene

3. Other simple, common benzenes, have accepted parent name (for substituent and ring)

4. Disubstituted benzenes With two substituents: Their relative positions are indicated by prefixes or numbers : ortho- (abbreviated o-, or 1,2-) meta-, (m-, 1,3-) para-, (p-, 1,4-)

5. examples

6. Dimethylbenzenes = xylenes

7. More than two groups 1. Positions must be indicated by numbers 2. Number the benzene ring to give Substituents the lowest possible numbers

8. More than two different substituents list in alphabetical order

9. A substituent gives “special” base name (aniline, anisole, etc.) that substituent is position 1

10. Benzene as a substituent = phenyl group (C 6 H 5 ) hydrocarbon with saturated chain and 1 benzene ring Base/parent is the larger structural unit. butylbenzene t-butylbenzene (S)-2-phenylheptane

11. Unsaturated chains, the parent/base name is of that chain, (regardless of ring size) trans-1-phenyl-2-butene

12. Benzyl (Bn) is a common name for the phenylmethyl group

13. recall

15. substitution not addition Reactions of Benzene [+ HBr] substitution

16. The Kekulé Structure for Benzene

17. These 1,2-dibromobenzenes are not isomers RESONANCE or an equilibrium X X

18. + other Br 2 additons However aromatic character?

19. 3-D structure π-electrons above and below ring Note: Planar structure All carbons sp 2 hybridized

20. Hückel’s Rule: The 4n + 2 π Electron Rule (1) Planar monocyclic rings (2) containing 4n + 2 π electrons, where n = 0 or an integer (2, 6, 10, 14...etc.) have substantial resonance energies, “aromatic” i.e. a planar ring containing 6 π electrons is “aromatic”

21. Hückel’s rule states that planar monocyclic rings with 2, 6, 10, 14... delocalized electrons should be aromatic

22. How To Diagram the Relative Energies of p Molecular Orbitals in Monocyclics Based on Hückel’s Rule circled polygon antibonding  orbitals nonbonding  orbitals bonding  orbitals type of  orbitals orbital energy levels

23. π molecular orbitals of cyclooctatetraene, if planar Predicted to have 2 nonbonding orbitals and an unpaired electron in each nonbonding orbital  Not be expected to be aromatic

24. System not planar The bonds alternately long and short; (1.48 and 1.34 Å)

25. The Annulenes Hückel’s rule predicts that annulenes will be aromatic if the molecule has 4n + 2 π electrons and have a planar carbon skeleton

26. All these (4n + 2)π, planar annulenes are aromatic

27. Non-planar (4n + 2)π annulenes are antiaromatic

28. (4n)  non-planar annulenes are antiaromatic

29. NMR Spectroscopy: Evidence for Electron Delocalization in Aromatic Compounds Delocalization in Aromatic Compounds 1 H NMR spectrum 1 H occurs at relatively high frequency Is compelling evidence for aromaticity

30. (  -3.0) (  9.3)

31. Aromatic Ions pk a = 16 pk a = 36 pKa unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon 44-53

32. sp 3 sp 2 6 π electrons aromatic

33. strong base LA

34. Aromatic, Antiaromatic, and Nonaromatic Compounds An aromatic compound has its π electrons delocalized over the entire ring and It is stabilized by the π-electron delocalization Evaluation: compare cyclic compound vs acyclic with same number of electrons.

35. Ring is aromatic if the ring has lower  -electron energy then the acyclic chain Based on sound calculations or experiments Nonaromatic if the ring and the chain have the same  -electron energy [non-planar] Antiaromatic if the ring has greater π-electron energy than the open chain [4n  e’s]

36. Cyclobutadiene Benzene

37. Other Aromatic Compounds Benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having two or more fused benzene rings. Benzenoid Aromatic Compounds

38. Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds

39. Fullerenes

40. Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds heterocyclic compounds cyclic compounds with an element(s) other than carbon, e.g. piperidine aromatic heterocyclic:

41. Examples of useful heterocyclic aromatic compounds

42. Aromaticity

43. Basicity of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

44. poor base: loss of aromaticity still aromaticity imidazole aromatic weak base

45. Aromatic Compounds in Biochemistry Two amino acids necessary for protein synthesis contain the benzene ring

46. Derivatives of purine and pyrimidine are essential parts of DNA and RNA

47. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide important coenzymes in oxidations and reductions -pyridine derivative (nicotinamide) -purine derivative (adenine) O O