1. RNA & Protein Synthesis

2. Genes
The double helix structure explains how DNA can be copied, but it does not explain how genes work.
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins.

3. Ribonucleic Acid, RNA
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.
RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive.
You can think of an RNA molecule as a disposable copy of a segment of DNA.
The ability to copy a single DNA sequence into RNA makes it possible for a single gene to produce hundreds or even thousands of RNA molecules.

4. The Structure of RNA
There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose; one more atom of O2 than the sugar in DNA.
RNA is generally single-stranded.
RNA contains uracil in place of thymine, A-U.

6. Protein Synthesis RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis.
Protein Synthesis – assembly of new protein molecule from amino acids.
Protein molecules are made by the cell.
Takes place in the ribosome, which are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

7. Protein Synthesis (Cont.)
Before protein synthesis can occur, genetic information from the nucleus must be moved from the nucleus to the ribosome.
This action is carried out by a “messenger” molecule, messenger RNA (mRNA).
mRNA sends messages from DNA to the cytoplasm.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

8. Transcription
DNA strand unzips, and one strand is used as a template to create an mRNA molecule. (Similar to replication.)
Match up bases to one side of a gene in DNA
mRNA detaches from the DNA
mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
Transcription only copies specific genes.
RNA:
A binds U
C binds G

9. Codons
After transcription, the mature molecule undergoes splicing or merging.
Portions of the mRNA strand that do not code for proteins are elimated.
What remains? Codons
Codons: set of three nucleotides that code for the production of a protein.
Three-letter “words” tell the ribosome the order in which amino acids should be arranged in the new protein.
Can be arranged in 64 ways.

10. Anticodons
During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to be assembled into new proteins during translation.
The trio of bases are called anticodons.
The mRNA codons forms base pairs with tRNA anticodons.
A – U
C – G
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

11. Translation
As the ribosome moves from the codon to codon along the mRNA, amino acids carried by the tRNA are added, forming a strand of amino acids – a new protein molecule.
This process of creating a new protein by “reading” the code in mRNA is called translation.
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

13. Lysine Phenylalanine tRNA Methionine Ribosome mRNA Start codon
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.

16. Read your mRNA codon  CCU Find the tRNA anticodon  GGA Find 1st base on the left, 2nd base on the top, 3rd base on the right. Find where they all cross in the chart. Read your amino acid.  Glycine