2. Prepared by: Asma’ Abu Qubeita and Raghdah Al- Hamed 1

3. 2 The Rationalist, “Technical Rationality” or Applied Science Model

4. 3 It is referred to as “Learn- the- theory- then – apply- it” model. Student teachers are educated if they master the scientific knowledge. This knowledge reflects the findings of research which is going to be used to develop theories of learning and general pedagogical knowledge. Teachers then are expected to transfer the acquired knowledge to pedagogical content knowledge.

5. 4 According to applied science model, teachers can use the findings of empirical research to solve their teaching problems.

6. 5

7. 6 WHO IS THE TRAINER?? In this model trainers “experts” are not teachers, they could be university professors who do not have direct contact with the practice of classroom teaching.

8. 7 Who is the practitioner in this model? What they have to do is to receive theories. Then, they are asked to apply them in their classes. In addition, the model neglects self- development or awareness of their role not only as teachers, but as teacher-researchers in their classrooms. TEACHERS

9. 8 Failure in Practice Trainees misunderstanding Inappropriate applying of the findings, There is something wrong with the scientific knowledge or experimentation base

10. 9 Separation of Research and Practice This model separates research from practice concerning: 1.People, researchers are not the practitioners. 2.Place, universities are separated from schools.As a result, researchers and experts are away from schools, the field of practitioners. 3.Methods of working, every person has different work, professionals are working to find the fundamental theories, while practitioners are applying them. Most of time experts write in a difficult technical language

11. 10 Could the Teacher Be a Researcher? To undermine dichotomy between theory and practice, it was recommended that teachers should be interested in research relevant to classroom environment “Action Research”.

12. 11 Microteaching and Applied Science According to Wallace, microteaching is a training context in which teaching situation has been reduced in scope and/or simplified in some systematic way. Reducing the scope of teaching may be by: Simplifying the teacher’s task. Shortening the length of the lesson. Reducing the size of class.

13. 12 Stages of Microteaching Briefing Giving information about the skill being taught and the way of teaching. The Teach Teaching the micro classroom which is usually videotaped. Critique: The recorded micro lesson is discussed, analyzed and evaluated. Reateach Practicing the same skill in the light of discussion until mastering it. “To ensure competence”.

14. Merits and Demerits

15. Merits The Applied Science Model has the following plus points: 1-This model takes into account the crucial element of the increasing growth of relevant scientific knowledge in recent times. 2- Its theory oriented study provides much opportunity for the learner (teacher) to achieve received knowledge.

16. Demerits In spite of its wide-spread usage, it has some shortcomings: 1- Changes at the practical level applied by practitioners (teachers) are not taken into consideration; therefore, their value is underestimated, which creates a separation between research and professional practice. 2- The most serious problem occurs when the students are asked to apply on their own the scientific theories they have learned in classroom.

17. 3-Another shortcoming is the Applied Science Model’s failure to address adequately many of the important issues in teaching English. There has been relatively little research that directly concerns the teaching and learning of English in the class..

18. 17 4-Many researchers claim that trainees who take courses based on the Applied Science Model feel that such courses do not help them develop professionally, that is, the theoretical studies are of no help.

19. The learner Passive He doesn’t ask questions; he just follows the instructions

20. 6- The Applied Science Model is somewhat limited in scope as it does not take care of student- teachers’ self-development or awareness of their role not only as teachers but as teacher-researchers in their classrooms.

21. What kind of knowledge is this model based on???

22. 7- In Applied Science Model teaching is based on external knowledge; it basically depends on rules and principles derived from other knowledge sources ( research and trainers)

23. 8- The Applied Science Model is Prescriptive It relies on encouraging teachers to follow proven theories rather than intuitive individual learning methods

24. 9- The Applied Science Model is a product oriented model. It follows various established methods and theories to improve teaching ability. In this model,it is difficult for anyone to express his /her creativity.

25. 24 10- Its major shortcoming is that it has not been able to deliver a relevant “scientific” solution to the various professional dilemmas that the teacher faces in real-life classroom situations.

26. 25 Thank You