1. VITAL SIGNS AND OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 6

2. MEASURING VITAL SIGNS VITAL SIGNS ARE ALSO CALLED CARDINAL SIGNS.
BODY TEMPERATURE
PULSE
RESPIRATION
BLOOD PRESSURE
CHANGES IN VITALS INDICATE A POTENTIAL PROBLEM!

3. VITALS OXYGEN IS VITAL TO SURVIVE.
THE HUMAN BRAIN CAN NOT FUNCTION FOR LONGER THAN 4 TO 5 MINUTES WITHOUT OXYGEN!
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO KNOW WHAT ARE NORMAL VITAL SIGNS.

4. VITAL SIGNS
A PHYSICIANS ORDER IS NOT REQUIRED FOR VITAL SIGNS TO BE MEASURED. UNLESS A NURSE IS PRESENT IT IS YOUR JOB TO TAKE VITAL SIGNS ON A PATIENT.

5. BODY TEMPERATURE
DEFINED BY THE HEAT PRODUCED IN THE BODY TISSUES TO THE HEAT LOST TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
CAN VARY 2 TO 3 DEGREES.
BODY TEMPERATURE IS CONTROLLED BY THE BASAL REGION OF THE BRAIN CALLED THE HYPOTHALAMUS (BODY THERMOSTAT)

6. FACTS
THE ENVIRONMENT, TIME OF DAY, WEIGHT, EMOTION, EXERCISE, DISEASE, DIGESTION OF FOOD AND INJURY ALL HAVE AN EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE.
FEVER OR PYREXIA IS ELEVATED TEMP.
AS BODY TEMP. INCREASES THE BODIES DEMAND FOR OXYGEN INCREASES.

7. TEMPERATURE RANGES 3 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS IS 99 DEGREES
SYMPTOMS OF A FEVER ARE INCREASED PULSE AND INCREASED RESPIRATIONS, ACHINESS ,FLUSHED DRY SKIN, CHILLS AND LOSS OF APPETITE.

8. LOW BODY TEMPERATURE IS CALLED HYPOTHERMIA.
HYPOTHERMIA CAN BE AN INDICATION OF A PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS AND CAN REDUCE A PATIENTS NEED FOR OXYGEN.

9. MEASURING TEMPERATURE
THERE ARE FOUR WAYS TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE.
ORAL
TYMPANIC
RECTAL
AXILLARY

10. MEASURING TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE ORAL READING IS 98.6
AVERAGE RECTAL READING IS 99.6
AVERAGE AXILLARY READING IS DEGREES.
AVERAGE TYMPANIC READING IS 97.6

11. THE SITE SELECTED FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE MUST BE CHOSEN CAREFULLY DEPENDING ON STATE OF MIND, AGE AND THE ABILITY TO COOPERATE.

12. ALERT!
PATIENTS WHO ARE DISORIENTED, DELUSIONAL, DELIRIOUS OR WHO HAVE FACIAL INJURIES OR A HISTORY OF CONVULSIONS SHOULD NEVER USE AN ORAL THERMOMETER.

13. TYMPANIC THERMOMETER
THIS IS PLACED IN THE EAR AND IS CALLED AN AURAL THERMOMETER
MEASURES THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OF THE EAR.

14. AXILLARY SAFEST METHOD OF MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE.
USEFUL FOR INFANTS.
RECTAL
MOST RELIABLE MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE.
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE CORE OF THE BODY.

15. PULSE
AS THE HEART BEATS, BLOOD IS PUMPED IN A PULSATING FASHION INTO THE ARTERIES. THIS RESULTS IN A THROB SOUND!

16. PULSE APICAL: OVER THE APEX OF THE HEART (HEARD WITH STETHOSCOPE)
RADIAL: RADIAL ARTERY OF WRIST
CAROTID: FRONT OF NECK
FEMORAL: GROIN
POPLITEAL: BACK OF KNEE
TEMPORAL: FRONT OF THE EAR
DORSALIS PEDIS: TOP OF FOOT
POSTERIOR TIBIAL: INNER SIDE OF ANKLES.

17. PULSE
THE NORMAL AVERAGE PULSE RATE IN AN ADULT IS BETWEEN 60 AND 90 BEATS PER MINUTE.
THE NORMAL PULSE FOR INFANTS IS 120 BEATS PER MINUTE.
A CHILD 4 TO 10 YEARS OLD BEATS PER MINUTE.

18. ASSESSMENT OF THE PULSE
PULSE ASSESSES CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION.
TACHYCARDIA IS A RAPID HEART BEAT (OVER 100 BEATS)
BRADYCARDIA IS AN ABNORMALLY SLOW HEART BEAT (BELOW 60).
PULSE RATE SHOULD BE COUNTED FOR A FULL MINUTE.
FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN THE APICAL PULSE IS MOST ACCURATE.
TO ASSESS THE PULSE YOU NEED A WATCH WITH A SECOND HAND.

19. RESPIRATION
THE AVERAGE RATE OF RESPIRATION FOR AN ADULT IS 15 TO 20 BREATHS PER MINUTE AND BREATHS FOR AN INFANT.
RESPIRATION LESS THAN 10 BREATHS PER MINUTE MAY RESULT IN CYANOSIS, APPREHENSION AND A CHANGE IN CONSCIOUSNESS BECAUSE OF INADEQUATE OXYGEN.

20. ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION
KEEP PATIENT IN PRESENT POSITION.
OBSERVE CHEST WALL FOR SYMMETRY OF MOVEMENT.
OBSERVE SKIN COLOR.
COUNT THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE CHEST RISES AND FALLS FOR ONE MINUTE.

21. BLOOD PRESSURE
IN GENERAL TERMS, IS DEFINED AS THE PRODUCT OF FLOW TIMES RESISTANCE.
BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD FLOW EJECTED FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE OF THE HEART DURING SYSTOLE AND THE AMOUNT OF RESISTANCE THE BLOOD MEETS DUE TO SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE.

22. BLOOD PRESSURE FACTS
BLOOD PRESSURE VARIES WITH AGE, GENDER, BODY POSITION, TIME OF DAY AND HEALTH STATUS.
BLOOD PRESSURE IS USUALLY LOWER IN THE MORNING AFTER A NIGHT OF SLEEP THAN LATER IN THE DAY.

23. BLOOD PRESSURE FACTS MEN USUALLY HAVE HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE.
INFANTS HAVE HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE.
SPHYGMOMANOMETER IS THE INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE.

24. FACTS CONTINUED
BLOOD PRESSURE REQUIRES TWO READINGS AND IS MEASURED IN MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY.
THE TWO READINGS ARE CALLED SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC.
SYSTOLIC IS THE TOP NUMBER
DIASTOLIC IS THE BOTTOM NUMBER.

25. SYSTOLIC
THIS READING IS THE HIGHEST POINT REACHED DURING CONTRACTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE OF THE HEART AS IT PUMPS INTO THE AORTA.
THE NORMAL SYSTOLIC PRESSURE IS
CHILDREN RANGE FROM
ADOLESCENT RANGES FROM

26. DIASTOLIC
THIS IS THE LOWEST POINT TO WHICH THE PRESSURE DROPS DURING RELAXATION OF THE VENTRICLES AND INDICATES THE MINIMUM PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE ARTERIAL WALLS.
THE NORMAL RANGE IS IN ADULTS.
CHILDRENS DIASTOLIC IS
ADOLESCENT PRESSURE

27. HYPERTENSION
A PATIENT IS CONSIDERED HYPERTENSIVE IF THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE IS GREATER THEN 140 AND THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN 90.

28. BLOOD PRESSURE CUFFS
THE BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF SHOULD BE SELECTED ACCORDING TO THE PATIENTS SIZE.
A CUFF TO LARGE OR SMALL WILL GIVE AN IMPROPER READING.

29. OXYGEN THERAPY OXYGEN IS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE.
OXYGEN CAN NOT BE STORED AND IS DEPENDANT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A RADIOGRAPHER THAT EQUIPMENT TO ADMINISTER OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE AND WORKING.
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO ASSIST WITH ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS.
THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IN EITHER AIR OR BLOOD IS CALLED OXYGEN TENSION.
INADEQUATE OXYGEN IS CALLED HYPOXEMIA.
WHEN TO MUCH CARBON DIOXIDE IS RETAINED IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD IT IS CALLED HYPERCAPNEA.

30. PULSE OXIMETRY
A DEVICE PLACED AT THE END OF A PATIENTS FINGERTIP OR EARLOBE AND MEASURES OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN.
NORMAL OXYGEN SATURATION IS PERCENT .
BELOW 85% INDICATES THE TISSUES ARE NOT GETTING ENOUGH OXYGEN.

31. HAZARDS OF OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION
OXYGEN IS CONSIDERED A MEDICATION AND MUST BE PRESCRIBED.
SPECIAL CARE IS NECESSARY WHEN ADMINISTERING OXYGEN TO COPD PATIENTS.
INFECTIONS AND BACTERIA THRIVE IN OXYGEN ENVIRONMENTS.
BE CERTAIN THAT TUBING, CANNULAS AND MASKS ARE USED ONE TIME AND FOR ONE PATIENT ONLY.
NO SMOKING AROUND OXYGEN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

32. OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
HIGH FLOW RATES REQUIRE HUMIDIFICATION TO PREVENT DRY MUCOUS MEMBRANES.
OXYGEN IS PIPED TO ROOMS IN A HOSPITAL TO A WALL OUTLET.
A FLOWMETER IS ATTACHED TO EACH WALL OUTLET.

33. TYPES OF OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
NASAL CANNULA
NASAL CATHETER
FACE MASK
OXYGEN TENT

34. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR THE IMAGING DEPARTMENT
OXYGEN SOURCE ( TANK, PIPED IN )
A STERILE CANNULA OR MASK IN A SEALED PACKING.
CONNECTING TUBING
A HUMIDIFIER , IF NEEDED.
A FLOW METER.
A “NO SMOKING” SIGN.

35. CHEST RADIOGRAPHY PLACEMENT OF TUBES CRITICAL THINKING
PATHOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUE
PORTABLES

36. THE END
OXYGEN DELIVERY WILL BE TAUGHT MORE EXTENSIVELY IN TOPGRAPHIC ANATOMY 2.